Ama-polymer: Izinto Zesikhathi Esizayo
Ama-polymer aphakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo kakhulu futhi ezishintshashintshayo kwisayensi yezinto. Kusukela kumapulasitiki esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke kuya kumafayibha akha izindwangu zethu, ama-polymer adlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngokuthi ayini ama-polymer, izakhiwo zawo ezihlukile, izinhlobo zawo, kanye nezicelo zawo ezibanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene yezimboni.
Kuyini i-Polymer?
Kalula nje, i-polymer iyi-molecule enkulu eyakhiwe amayunithi amaningi aphindaphindayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-monomers. Inqubo la ma-monomers ahlangana ngayo ukuze akhe i-polymer ibizwa ngokuthi i-polymerization. Ama-monomers angaba ama-molecule alula, njenge-ethylene, eyakha i-polyethylene, enye yama-polymer avame kakhulu. Isakhiwo esiqondile noma esinamagatsha sala ma-polymers sibanika izakhiwo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali ezihlukile, okwenza afaneleke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezicelo.
Izakhiwo zama-Polymers
Ama-polymer aziwa ngezakhiwo eziningana ezihlukile ezenza abaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni eziningi ezahlukene:
1. Ilula futhi Iqinile: Ama-polymer anesilinganiso esiphakeme samandla nesisindo, okusho ukuthi aqinile kodwa alula. Lokhu kuwenza abe ukukhetha okuhle kwezicelo ezidinga izinto eziqinile kodwa ezilula, njengasezimbonini zezimoto nezindiza.
2. Ama-polymer amaningi awangeni manzi, okusho ukuthi ayawaxosha amanzi. Lesi sici siwenza afaneleke ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinomswakama noma ezinamanzi, njengamapayipi nezitsha zokugcina izinto.
3. Ukufakwa Kokushisa Ngogesi Nokushisa: Ama-polymer avame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokufaka ukushisa ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezingahambisani nokushisa. Asetshenziswa ekumbozweni kwekhebula likagesi kanye nezinto zokufaka ukushisa ngokushisa.
4. Ukuguquguquka Nokunwebeka: Ama-polymer anjengerabha yemvelo kanye ne-silicone aziwa ngokunwebeka kwawo, okuwavumela ukuthi abuyele esimweni sawo sokuqala ngemva kokunwetshwa noma ukucindezelwa.
5. Ukumelana Namakhemikhali: Ama-polymer amaningi amelana namakhemikhali, okwenza afaneleke kakhulu ekugcinweni kwamakhemikhali nasekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha.
Izinhlobo zama-polymer
Ama-polymer angahlukaniswa ngokusekelwe emthonjeni wawo, isakhiwo, kanye nezakhiwo zawo ezibonakalayo:
1. Kususelwa kuMthombo:
– Ama-polymer emvelo: Kuhlanganisa amaprotheni, i-cellulose, kanye nerabha yemvelo.
– Ama-polymer okwenziwa: Njengepulasitiki (i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene), irabha yokwenziwa, kanye ne-nylon.
2. Ngokusekelwe kusakhiwo:
– Ama-Linear Polymers: Anesakhiwo seketanga eliqondile, njenge-polyethylene.
– Ama-Polymer Anegatsha: Aneketanga eliyinhloko elinamagatsha aseceleni, njenge-amylopectin.
– Ama-Polymer Enethiwekhi: Ama-Polymer axhunywe ndawonye ukuze akhe isakhiwo esinezilinganiso ezintathu, njenge-epoxy resin.
3. Ngokusekelwe ezimpahleni zayo zokushisa:
– I-Thermoplastic: Ama-polymer athambisa uma eshiswa futhi aqine uma epholisiwe ngaphandle kokushintsha kwamakhemikhali, okuvumela ukuthi kube lula ukuphinda kusetshenziswe.
– I-Thermoset: Uma isishisiwe futhi yakhiwe ngendlela ethile, le polymer ayikwazi ukuncibilika futhi.
Izicelo ze-Polymer
Ama-polymer ashintshe izimboni ezahlukene futhi abe yizinto ezikhethwayo ezinhlelweni eziningi, okuhlanganisa:
1. Imboni Yezimoto: Ama-polymer asetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezimoto ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezilula nezihlala isikhathi eside. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amadeshibhodi, amaphaneli eminyango, kanye nama-bumper. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-polymer kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli wemoto ngokunciphisa isisindo sayo sonke.
2. Ukunakekelwa Kwezempilo: Ezweni lezokwelapha, ama-polymer asetshenziselwa ukwenza amadivayisi ezokwelapha alahlwayo njengamagilavu, amasirinji, kanye nezikhwama zegazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-polymer ahambisana ne-bio asetshenziswa ezifakelweni kanye nasezitho zokufakelwa.
3. Ukudla Nokupakisha: Embonini yokudla, ama-polymer asetshenziselwa ukupakisha ukuvikela imikhiqizo ekungcoleni nokwandisa isikhathi sokuphila kwayo. Amafilimu e-polymer, njenge-polyethylene ne-polypropylene, asetshenziswa kabanzi njengokupakisha.
4. Izindwangu Nezingubo: Imicu yokwenziwa efana ne-polyester, i-nylon, ne-acrylic yi-polymers evame ukusetshenziswa embonini yezindwangu ngenxa yamandla ayo kanye nekhono lokumunca umbala.
5. Ama-elekthronikhi: Ama-polymer aqhubayo asetshenziswa kumadivayisi kagesi njenge-touchscreens kanye nama-diode akhipha ukukhanya (ama-LED). Izakhiwo zokuvimbela ukushisa zamanye ama-polymer zisetshenziswa nasezintweni zikagesi ezifana nokuvimbela izintambo.
6. Ukwakhiwa: Ama-polymer asetshenziswa emapayipini, ezixhumini, nanjengezinto zokumboza ngenxa yokumelana kwawo namanzi namakhemikhali. I-vinyl ne-PVC kusetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokwakha njengophansi, amafasitela, kanye nezindonga.
Ikusasa Lama-polymer
Ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe kanye nokwanda kokuqwashisa ngemvelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-polymer manje kugxile ekusimeni okuzinzile. Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuma-polymer abola futhi aphinde asetshenziswe kuya ngokuya kuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka lokuthuthukisa ama-polymer avela emithonjeni esekelwe ezitshalweni engabola, kuncishiswe umthelela emvelweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-polymer ahlakaniphile angasabela ezintweni zangaphandle ezifana nokushisa, ukukhanya, noma umswakama ayathuthukiswa. Lokhu kunikeza izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingaba khona ekulethweni kwezidakamizwa, izinzwa, kanye namadivayisi okugcina amandla.
Isiphetho
Ama-polymer angenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ezitholwe ezintweni zesimanje kanye nobuchwepheshe. Ukuhlukahluka kwawo kanye nezakhiwo zawo ezihlukile kuwenze izingxenye ezibalulekile ezimbonini eziningi. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko, ama-polymer ngeke aqhubeke nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi wanamuhla kodwa futhi azovula indlela yokusungula izinto ezintsha esikhathini esizayo. Ama-polymer awagcini nje ngokuguqula indlela esiphila ngayo, kodwa futhi adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ikusasa elizinzile neliguquguqukayo.
