Ipulasitiki: Izinto Eziguquguqukayo Ezinemiphumela Eminingi
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Ipulasitiki ingenye yezinto ezisebenziseka kakhulu nezisetshenziswa kabanzi emhlabeni namuhla. Yenziwe ngama-polymer ahlukahlukene okwenziwa, ipulasitiki ithathe indawo yokhuni, insimbi, nengilazi ezisetshenziswayo eziningi kusukela yatholakala futhi yasetshenziswa okokuqala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo, ipulasitiki nayo inemiphumela emibi ehlukahlukene emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu. Lesi sihloko sizohlola imvelaphi, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nezinselele ezibangelwa yipulasitiki.
Umlando Nokuthuthukiswa Kwepulasitiki
Igama elithi “ipulasitiki” livela egameni lesiGreki elithi “plastikos,” elisho “ukukwazi ukwakheka noma ukubumba.” Ukuthuthukiswa kwepulasitiki yokwenziwa kwaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 ngokusungulwa kweBakelite nguLeo Baekeland ngo-1907. IBakelite yayiyipulasitiki yokuqala yokwenziwa engenazo izinto zemvelo futhi yayishintsha kakhulu ezindleleni eziningi zokusebenza, kusukela ocingweni kuya ezingxenyeni zikagesi.
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, kwasungulwa izinhlobo ezintsha zepulasitiki, okuhlanganisa i-polyethylene, i-polypropylene, i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), kanye ne-polystyrene. I-Polyethylene (PE), eyatholakala ngo-1933, isibe yipulasitiki esetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo namandla ayo. I-Polypropylene (PP), eyatholakala ngo-1954, yaziwa ngokumelana kwayo nokushisa futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ekupakisheni ukudla kanye namadivayisi ezokwelapha. I-PVC, eyatholakala ngo-1872 futhi yathuthukiswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, ivame ukusetshenziswa emapayipini, ezintanjeni, kanye naphansi kwe-vinyl. I-Polystyrene, eyatholakala ngo-1839 futhi yathuthukiswa phakathi nekhulu lama-20, ivame ukusetshenziswa ezintweni zasendlini kanye nasekupakisheni ukudla.
Ukusetshenziswa Kwepulasitiki Empilweni Yansuku Zonke
Ipulasitiki isibe yingxenye ebalulekile yempilo yethu yanamuhla. Ingatholakala cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila, kusukela emikhiqizweni yabathengi kuya ezimbonini ezisindayo. Ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa ipulasitiki zifaka:
1. Ukupakisha: Ipulasitiki isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokupakisha ngoba ilula, ihlala isikhathi eside, futhi ayingeni manzi. Imikhiqizo yokupakisha ifaka amabhodlela eziphuzo, izitsha zokudla, kanye nezikhwama zokuthenga. Ukupakisha ipulasitiki kusiza ukugcina ukudla kusha futhi kunciphisa imfucuza yokudla.
2. Impilo Nezokwelapha: Amapulasitiki adlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni wezokunakekelwa kwempilo. Amadivayisi ezokwelapha alahlwayo njengesirinji, izikhwama zegazi, kanye namamaski okuhlinzwa enziwe kakhulu ngepulasitiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-prostheses kanye namanye amadivayisi ezokwelapha avame ukwenziwa ngezinto ezikhethekile zepulasitiki eziphephile emzimbeni womuntu.
3. Ezokuthutha: Embonini yezimoto, amapulasitiki asize ekunciphiseni isisindo sezimoto, athuthukise ukusebenza kahle kukaphethiloli, futhi anciphise ukukhishwa kwamagesi okushisa ukushisa. Amabhampa, amadeshibhodi, nezinye izingxenye zangaphakathi zivame ukwenziwa ngepulasitiki.
4. Ubuchwepheshe kanye ne-elekthronikhi: Izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi ezifana namaselula, amakhompyutha, kanye namathelevishini zisebenzisa ipulasitiki eningi ngoba ilula futhi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ipulasitiki iphinde inikeze ukuvikelwa kukagesi okudingekayo ukuze kuphephe amadivayisi kagesi.
5. Ukwakha: Amapayipi, izinto zokuvikela ukushisa, phansi, nezinye izinto eziningi zokwakha manje sezenziwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukene zepulasitiki. Lokhu kusiza ekwandiseni impilo yezakhiwo nokunciphisa izindleko zokwakha.
Umthelela Omubi Wepulasitiki Emvelweni
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, ukusetshenziswa nokulahlwa kwepulasitiki okungalawulwa kuye kwaholela ezinkingeni ezahlukene zemvelo. Inkinga enkulu ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki, okuhlanganisa konke kusukela emfucumfucwini yepulasitiki emhlabeni kuya kumapulasitiki amancane olwandle.
1. Imfucuza Yepulasitiki: Ipulasitiki iyinto eqinile kakhulu futhi ithatha amakhulu eminyaka ukubola. Imfucuza eminingi yepulasitiki iphelela ezindaweni zokulahla udoti, ithwalwe umoya iye olwandle, noma isakazeke kuyo yonke indawo yemvelo. Izinqwaba zemfucuza yepulasitiki azigcini nje ngokonakalisa indawo kodwa futhi ziphazamisa nezinhlelo zemvelo zendawo.
2. Izilwandle Ezinobuthi: Izilwandle ziyizisulu ezinkulu zokungcola kwepulasitiki. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-8 epulasitiki angena olwandle minyaka yonke. Le pulasitiki ayigcini nje ngokungcolisa amanzi olwandle kodwa futhi ibeka impilo yasolwandle engozini. Izilwane ezifana nezimfudu, izinyoni zasolwandle, nezinhlanzi zivame ukudla ipulasitiki, ziyiphambanise nokudla, okungaholela ekufeni.
3. Amaplastiki Amancane: Amapulasitiki ahlukana abe yizinhlayiya ezincane, ezaziwa ngokuthi amaplastiki amancane, angcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba kanye nolwandle. Lawa mapulasitiki amancane angangena emzimbeni womuntu ngochungechunge lokudla, kube nemiphumela engaba khona empilweni engakaqondakali ngokugcwele. Ucwaningo lwakuqala lubonisa ukuthi amapulasitiki amancane angabangela ukulimala kwamangqamuzana kanye nokuphazamiseka kwamahomoni.
4. Ukukhishwa Kwegesi Evikela Ukushisa: Ukukhiqizwa kwepulasitiki kunegalelo elikhulu ekukhishweni kwegesi evikela ukufudumala kwezwe. Inqubo yokwenza ipulasitiki ngezinto ezisebenzisa uphethiloli njengephethiloli kanye negesi yemvelo ikhipha inani elikhulu le-CO2 emoyeni, okubangela ushintsho lwesimo sezulu.
Imizamo Yokubhekana Nenkinga Yepulasitiki
Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, ohulumeni, izimboni kanye nomphakathi womhlaba wonke bathathe izinyathelo eziningana. Nazi ezinye izindlela ezingasiza ekunciphiseni umthelela omubi wepulasitiki:
1. Ukuvuselela: Ukwandisa amazinga okuvuselela ipulasitiki kungasiza ekunciphiseni inani lepulasitiki eligcina lisezindaweni zokulahla udoti kanye nasezilwandle. Kodwa-ke, ukuvuselela ipulasitiki kusabhekene nezinselele eziningi, okuhlanganisa nezinselele zobuchwepheshe ekuhlungeni nasekuhlanzeni ipulasitiki.
2. Ukunciphisa Ukusetshenziswa: Amazwe amaningi aseqalile ukuvimbela noma ukukhokhisa izikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenziswa kanye kanye neminye imikhiqizo yepulasitiki. Lezi zinyathelo zihlose ukukhuthaza abathengi ukuthi bashintshele kwezinye izindlela ezinobungani nemvelo njengezikhwama zendwangu noma izitsha ezingasetshenziswa kabusha.
3. Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha: Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka lokuthuthukisa amapulasitiki anobungani nemvelo, njengepulasitiki ebolayo kanye namapulasitiki enziwe ngezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungaba yisisombululo sesikhathi eside senkinga yokungcola kwepulasitiki.
4. Imfundo Nokuqwashisa: Ukuphakamisa ukuqwashisa komphakathi ngezingozi zepulasitiki kanye nokubaluleka kokuphathwa kahle kwemfucuza kungabangela ushintsho ekuziphatheni. Imikhankaso yomphakathi, izinhlelo zemfundo, kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi zingadlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu.
5. Umthethonqubo kanye Nenqubomgomo: Ohulumeni kumele badlale indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukusetshenziswa kanye nokulahlwa kwepulasitiki. Izinqubomgomo eziqinile zokuphathwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki kanye nezikhuthazo zokusungula izinto ezintsha okusimeme kungasheshisa ushintsho embonini.
Isiphetho
Ipulasitiki iyinto eguquguqukayo ngendlela emangalisayo eye yaletha izinzuzo eziningi emphakathini wanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela emibi yokusetshenziswa kwayo okungalawulwa, ikakhulukazi emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu, ayinakunakwa. Umzamo ohlangene ovela kohulumeni, izimboni, kanye nemiphakathi ubalulekile ekutholeni izixazululo eziqhubekayo zezinselele ezibangelwa yipulasitiki. Ngendlela efanele, singasebenzisa izinzuzo zepulasitiki ngenkathi sinciphisa imiphumela yayo eyingozi, siqinisekise ikusasa elihlanzekile nelinempilo ezizukulwaneni ezizayo.
