Iyini iFilosofi?
Ifilosofi, ethathwe emagameni esiGreki athi “philo” (uthando) kanye nelithi “sophia” (ukuhlakanipha), empeleni isho uthando lokuhlakanipha. Kodwa leli gama langempela alisho lutho ngalokho ifilosofi ekuhlanganisa ngempela. Ifilosofi iwumkhakha oyinkimbinkimbi wokufunda ofuna ukuqonda uhlobo oluyisisekelo lweqiniso, ukuba khona, ulwazi, izindinganiso, ukucabanga, ingqondo, kanye nolimi. Kuyisifundo esihlanganisa ukucabanga okunengqondo okuqinile kanye nesifiso esijulile sokuthola amaqiniso ngezwe nendawo yethu kulo.
Imvelaphi Nokuvela Kwefilosofi
Izimpande zefilosofi zibuyela emuva empucukweni yasendulo. Kodwa-ke, ivame ukuhlotshaniswa neGrisi Yasendulo nabantu abanjengoSocrates, uPlato, no-Aristotle abadlala indima ebalulekile. Laba bacabangi bacabange ngemibuzo ejulile eyayihlanganisa ukuziphatha, i-metaphysics, kanye ne-epistemology, bebeka isisekelo somlando ocebile wefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga.
USocrates, odumile ngendlela yakhe yeSocrates, wahlanganyela ezingxoxweni ezaziphonsela inselelo isimo samanje futhi wafuna ukuqonda okujulile ngokubuza imibuzo njalo. UPlato, umfundi wakhe, wabhala izingxoxo eziningi futhi wasungula i-Academy, isikhungo sokuqala semfundo ephakeme ezweni laseNtshonalanga. U-Aristotle, umfundi kaPlato nomfundisi ka-Alexander Omkhulu, wenza iminikelo ebalulekile emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene okuhlanganisa i-logic, i-metaphysics, kanye nesayensi yemvelo.
Amasiko aseMpumalanga nawo anegalelo elikhulu ekucabangeni kwefilosofi. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noConfucius noLaozi eShayina zahlola imibuzo mayelana nokuziphatha, umphakathi, kanye nemvelo yabantu. Ifilosofi yaseNdiya, enezikole ezifana neVedanta, ubuJain, nobuBuddha, yahlola ingokomoya, iqiniso, kanye nezindlela zokukhanya.
Amagatsha Efilosofi
Ifilosofi iyisifundo esikhulu nesinezici eziningi. Ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe ngamagatsha amaningana, ngalinye liphendula izinhlobo ezahlukene zemibuzo nezinkinga:
1. I-Metaphysics: Leli gatsha likhuluma ngesimo esiyisisekelo sobukhona kanye neqiniso. Imibuzo mayelana nokuthi yini ekhona, uhlobo lwezinto, isikhathi, isikhala, imbangela, kanye nokwenzeka kwamandla aphezulu awela ngaphansi kwe-metaphysics.
2. I-Epistemology: Igxile olwazini, i-epistemology ihlola uhlobo, ububanzi, kanye nemikhawulo yokuqonda komuntu. Ihlola imibuzo efana nokuthi "Luyini ulwazi?", "Ulwazi lutholakala kanjani?", kanye nokuthi "Yini ethethelela izinkolelo zethu?"
3. Ukuziphatha: Ifilosofi yokuziphatha icabanga ngokuziphatha kanye nezimiso zokulungile nokungalungile. Ihlola imibono eyahlukahlukene yokuziphatha, njenge-utilitarianism, i-deontology, kanye ne-virtue ethics, futhi iyisebenzisa ezinkingeni zomhlaba wangempela.
4. Ubuhle: Leli gatsha lifunda uhlobo lobuhle, ubuciko, kanye nokunambitheka. Liphendula imibuzo mayelana nokuthi yini eyenza into ibe yinhle noma ibe nobuciko, nokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle kunikela kanjani empilweni yomuntu.
5. I-Logic: I-Logic ibhekana nezimiso zokucabanga okunengqondo kanye nempikiswano. Iyasiza ekuhlukaniseni izimpikiswano ezinhle kwezimbi futhi yakha isisekelo sokucabanga okuhlelekile kuzo zonke izinkambu ezahlukene.
6. Ifilosofi Yezepolitiki: Ikhathazekile ngemibuzo mayelana nokubusa, ubulungiswa, amalungelo, kanye nendima yabantu ngabanye emphakathini, ifilosofi yezepolitiki icabanga ngesimo esifanele kanye nohlobo lomphakathi onobulungiswa.
7. Ifilosofi Yengqondo: Leli gatsha lihlola uhlobo lwengqondo, ukuqonda, kanye nobudlelwano bazo nomzimba wenyama. Licabangela izihloko ezifana nezimo zengqondo, ubunikazi, ubuhlakani bokwenziwa, kanye nenkinga yokwazi.
8. Ifilosofi Yolimi: Ihlola uhlobo, imvelaphi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kolimi. Imibuzo yefilosofi kulo mkhakha ihlanganisa incazelo, inkomba, iqiniso, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kolimi kanye neqiniso.
Izindlela Zefilosofi
Ucwaningo lwefilosofi luhlukaniswa ngezindlela zalo zokwenza izinto, ezilwehlukanisa nezinye izifundo. Ezinye izindlela ezibalulekile zifaka:
– Ifilosofi Yokuhlaziya: Isekelwe esikweni lamaNgisi namaMelika, le ndlela igcizelela ukucaca, ukunemba, kanye nokuhlaziywa okunengqondo kolimi kanye nemibono. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noBertrand Russell noLudwig Wittgenstein zingabantu abavelele kulesi siko.
– Ifilosofi Yamazwekazi: Le ndlela, eqala ezwekazini laseYurophu, ihlanganisa ukunyakaza okuhlukahlukene okufana nokuba khona kwezinto, i-phenomenology, kanye nokuqedwa kokwakhiwa. Abantu ababalulekile bahlanganisa uFriedrich Nietzsche, uMartin Heidegger, noJean-Paul Sartre.
– I-Phenomenology: Eqalwe ngu-Edmund Husserl, i-phenomenology igxile ezakhiweni zokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nokuqonda. Ihlose ukuchaza izimo njengoba zibonwa, ngaphandle kwemibono.
– Ubukhona: Lo mkhankaso ugcizelela ukuba khona komuntu ngamunye, inkululeko, kanye nokukhetha. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noSøren Kierkegaard noJean-Paul Sartre zihlole izihloko zokuhlukaniswa, ukuphelelwa yithemba, kanye nesimo somuntu.
– I-Pragmatism: Isiko lefilosofi laseMelika elihlukile, i-pragmatism ihlola iqiniso nencazelo yemibono ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yayo engokoqobo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo. Abasekeli abayinhloko bahlanganisa uCharles Sanders Peirce noJohn Dewey.
Ukubaluleka Kwefilosofi Namuhla
Naphezu kwemvelaphi yayo yasendulo, ifilosofi isalokhu ibaluleke kakhulu nanamuhla. Ihlomisa abantu ngamakhono okucabanga abucayi, ikhuthaza ukuvuleleka kwengqondo, futhi ikhuthaza ukuqonda okujulile ngezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukucabanga kwefilosofi kusiza ukubhekana nezinselele zanamuhla ezifana nezinkinga zokuziphatha kwezobuchwepheshe, izinkinga zemvelo, kanye nezinkinga zobulungiswa bezenhlalo.
Isibonelo, i-bioethics, ingxenye encane yezimiso zokuziphatha, ibhekana nemiphumela yokuziphatha kobuchwepheshe bezokwelapha kanye nemikhuba, okuhlanganisa ubunjiniyela bezakhi zofuzo, ukwakheka kwe-cloning, kanye nokunakekelwa kokuphela kwempilo. Imibuzo yefilosofi ngobuhlakani bokwenziwa ibhekana nokukhathazeka mayelana nokuqonda, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, kanye nokuphathwa kokuziphatha kwemishini ehlakaniphile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilosofi ikhuthaza impilo yokuzindla neyokuhlola. USocrates wamemezela ngodumo ukuthi “impilo engahlolwanga ayifanele ukuphila,” egcizelela ukubaluleka kokuzihlola kanye nelukuluku lokuhlakanipha. Ukufunda ifilosofi kukhuthaza abantu ukuba babuze imibono, bazindle ngezinkolelo zabo, futhi balwele umbono wezwe ohambisanayo nonenjongo.
Isiphetho
Ifilosofi ingaphezu nje kwesifundo sezemfundo; iyindlela yokucabanga nokuphila efuna ukuxazulula izimfihlakalo zokuphila futhi ithuthukise ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwanamuhla, uphenyo lwefilosofi luye lwabumba umcabango womuntu, isiko, kanye nentuthuko. Ngokuzibandakanya nemibuzo eyisisekelo nokusebenzisa izindlela eziqinile, ifilosofi iyaqhubeka nokukhanyisa izindlela zokuhlakanipha nokuqonda, ihlanganisa ukufuna komuntu okuhlala njalo kwencazelo neqiniso.
