Ukuqonda kanye Nokubili Kwengqondo
Ukuqonda kwethu ukuqonda kanye nobubili bengqondo kuye kwathakazelisa izazi zefilosofi, izazi zengqondo, kanye nososayensi bezinzwa amakhulu eminyaka. Ukuqaphela, isimo sokuqaphela nokukwazi ukucabanga ngokuba khona komuntu, imicabango, kanye nendawo ezungezile, kusalokhu kungenye yezimfihlakalo ezijulile kakhulu zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ububili bengqondo bubhekisela enkolelweni yokuthi ingqondo nomzimba, noma izimo zengqondo nezomzimba, zihlukile ngokuyisisekelo. Lesi sihloko sigxila kule miqondo, sihlola imiphumela yayo, ukuxhumana, kanye nezingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezizungezile.
Isimo Sokuqaphela
Ukuqaphela kuvame ukuchazwa njengekhwalithi noma isimo sokuqaphela into yangaphandle noma into engaphakathi kuwe. Kuhlanganisa ulwazi oluhlukahlukene, kusukela ekuboneni imizwa kuya ekuzicabangeni kanye nokucabanga okungabonakali. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noRené Descartes ziye zacabanga ngokwazi okudumile. Isisho sikaDescartes esithi “Cogito, ergo sum” (ngicabanga ukuthi, ngakho-ke nginguye), sigcizelela indima ebalulekile yokucabanga ekuqondeni kwethu ukuba khona.
Emcabangweni wanamuhla, ukwazi kufundwa ngezindlela eziningi zokuqondisa. Ososayensi bengqondo bahlola izindlela zako, bethola ukuthi izinqubo zemizwa zihumusha kanjani zibe okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu. Ososayensi bengqondo basebenzisa amasu athuthukile okuthwebula izithombe ukuze bathole ukuthi yiziphi izindawo zobuchopho ezisebenzayo phakathi nezimo ezahlukene zokuqwashisa, kusukela ekuphaphameni kuya ekuphupheni. Kodwa naphezu kwalokhu kuthuthuka, 'inkinga enzima yokuqwashisa'—umbuzo wokuthi kanjani nokuthi kungani okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kuvela ezinqubweni zomzimba—ayikaxazululwa.
Ububili Bengqondo
Umqondo wobubili bengqondo usekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi izenzakalo zengqondo aziyona eyomzimba futhi zihlukile emzimbeni wenyama. Lo mbono we-dualistic uphambene nemibono ye-monostic, ephakamisa ukuthi into eyodwa kuphela—kungaba eyomqondo noma eyomzimba—eyakha iqiniso. I-dualism ibe nemiphumela ejulile endleleni esiqonda ngayo ingqondo, evame ukucatshangwa ngobudlelwano phakathi kwengqondo nobuchopho.
URené Descartes ungomunye wabasekeli abanethonya elikhulu be-dualism yezinto eziphilayo, ethi ingqondo nomzimba kuyasebenzisana kodwa kwakhiwe izinto ezahlukene. Ngokusho kukaDescartes, ingqondo iyinto engadingi ukunakwa, kuyilapho umzimba uyinto ende, engadingi ukunakwa. Lo mehluko uphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuthi izinto ezinjalo ezahlukene zingasebenzisana kanjani—inkinga eyaziwa ngokuthi 'inkinga yengqondo nomzimba.'
I-dualism yanamuhla ivame ukuthatha indlela eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. I-dualism yempahla, isibonelo, iphakamisa ukuthi izimo zengqondo ziyizakhiwo ezingezona ezingokomzimba zezinto ezibonakalayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi nakuba ubuchopho (into ebonakalayo) buveza izimo zengqondo, lezi zimo zengqondo azikwazi ukuncishiswa zibe izinqubo zomzimba nje.
Imiphumela Yokuqaphela Nokubili
Ukuqonda ukuqonda kanye nobubili bengqondo kunemiphumela ebanzi emikhakheni eminingi. Ku-psychology, le mibono ithonya imibono yobuntu, intuthuko yomuntu, kanye nempilo yengqondo. Ukuzindla ngesimo sokuqonda kungasisiza sihlole ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kwakheka kanjani ukuziphatha kanye nobunikazi.
Emkhakheni wobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ucwaningo lokwazi luphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokwenzeka kokudala imishini enokuzazi kwangempela. Ingabe izinhlelo zokwenziwa zingafinyelela ukwazi, noma kukhona into eyingqayizivele ngokwemvelo mayelana nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu?
Ngokwefilosofi, lezi zindaba ziphonsela inselelo imibono yethu ngeqiniso, ukuba khona, kanye nobunikazi. Uma ingqondo nomzimba kuhlukile ngokuyisisekelo, kusho ukuthini lokho ekuqondeni kwethu ubuwena? Uhlobo lobuwena bomuntu siqu—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi luhlobene nokuqhubeka ngokomzimba noma izimo zengqondo—luba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ezimpikiswaneni mayelana nokuphila, ukufa, kanye nokungafi.
Izingxoxo Zamanje Neziqondiso Zesikhathi Esizayo
Ucwaningo lokuqwashisa kanye nobubili bengqondo luyashintshashintsha futhi luyashintsha. Izingxoxo zamanje zivame ukugxila ekuhlanganiseni ukuqonda okuvela ku-neuroscience, ifilosofi, kanye nesayensi yokuqonda ukuze kwakheke ukuqonda okuhlangene kwale mibono.
Enye inkolelo-mbono evelele yesimanje yokwazi yi-Integrated Information Theory (IIT), ephakanyiswe yisazi sezinzwa uGiulio Tononi. I-IIT ithi ukwazi kuhlobene ngokwemvelo namandla esistimu okuhlanganisa ulwazi. Le nkolelo-mbono izama ukulinganisa ukwazi nokubikezela ukuthi yiziphi izinhlelo (zebhayoloji noma zokwenziwa) ezingaba nazo.
Olunye uhlaka olubalulekile lwethiyori yi-Global Workspace Theory (GWT), eyathuthukiswa usosayensi wezokuqonda uBernard Baars. I-GWT iphakamisa ukuthi ukuqonda kusebenza njengendawo yokusebenza yomhlaba wonke lapho ulwazi oluvela ezinqubweni ezahlukene zokuqonda luhlanganiswa khona futhi lwenziwe lutholakale emisebenzini yokuphatha efana nokwenza izinqumo nokuxazulula izinkinga.
Okwamanje, impikiswano mayelana nobumbano lwengqondo iyaqhubeka, kanti ezinye izazi zikhuthaza imibono ye-mono noma yezinto ezibonakalayo. Isibonelo, izazi zesayensi yomzimba zithi zonke izimo zengqondo zincishiswa ngokuphelele ezimweni zobuchopho obungokwenyama. Ngokwalo mbono, intuthuko kweze-neuroscience ekugcineni ingachaza ngokuphelele ukuqonda ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izincazelo ezingezona ezenyama.
Noma kunjalo, ukukhanga okuqhubekayo kwe-dualism, ikakhulukazi i-property dualism, kugcizelela ubunzima besihloko. Abacwaningi abaningi bayavuma ukuthi, noma ngabe izimo zengqondo zivela ezinqubweni zomzimba, okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu okuzimele kungase kube nezimfanelo ezingenakuqondwa ngokuphelele ngokuqonda isisekelo sazo sebhayoloji kuphela.
Isiphetho
Ukuqwashisa kanye nobubili bengqondo kuhlala kuphambili ekuphenyweni kwabantu, okubonisa ilukuluku lethu elijulile mayelana nokuthi kusho ukuthini ukuba nokwazi nokuba ngumuntu. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho okuqaphelayo kanye nobubili bengqondo kuyaqhubeka nokuphefumulela ingxoxo, ucwaningo, kanye nokuzindla ngefilosofi. Njengoba isayensi ithuthuka kanye namathuluzi ethu okuphenya eba yinkimbinkimbi, singase sisondele ekuchazeni lezi zimfihlakalo ezijulile. Kodwa-ke, imibuzo ehlala njalo mayelana nohlobo lokwazi kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwengqondo nomzimba cishe izoqhubeka, imema ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo nokuzindla.
