USartre kanye nomqondo wokuphelelwa yithemba
I-Existentialism, inhlangano yefilosofi enethonya yekhulu lama-20, igcizelela kakhulu izihloko zenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukukhetha, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu kokuphila komuntu. Omunye wabantu ababalulekile balo mkhankaso nguJean-Paul Sartre, oneminikelo yakhe ethonye kakhulu umcabango we-existential. Phakathi kokuhlola kwakhe okuningi kwefilosofi, umqondo kaSartre wokuphelelwa yithemba unendawo ebalulekile, ukhanyisa ubunzima besimo somuntu kanye nomzabalazo we-existential wencazelo.
Uhlaka Lokuphila LukaSartre
Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele umqondo kaSartre wokuphelelwa yithemba, kubalulekile kuqala ukuwuhlanganisa nohlaka lwakhe olubanzi lokuba khona. Inkolelo-mbono kaSartre yokuthi ukuba khona kwezinto kukhomba ukuthi “ukuba khona kuqala ngaphambi kokuba khona,” okusho ukuthi abantu abazalwa benenhloso noma imvelo echazwe kusengaphambili. Esikhundleni salokho, siphoqelelwa ukuba khona, lapho kufanele sakhe khona ingqikithi yethu ngezenzo zethu, izinqumo, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. Le nkululeko yokuzidalela yona iyisipho nesiqalekiso, njengoba iletha ubunzima bomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nomthwalo wokuzulazula ezweni elingenayo incazelo engokwemvelo.
Enhliziyweni yefilosofi kaSartre kukhona umqondo wenkululeko eqinile. Njengoba singenayo imithetho yokuziphatha echazwe kusengaphambili noma uhlelo lwaphezulu olusiqondisayo, sikhululekile ukunquma izindinganiso zethu, izinkolelo, nezenzo. Kodwa-ke, le nkululeko ihambisana nokuqaphela okwesabekayo ukuthi nathi sinesibopho semiphumela yezinqumo zethu—isimo uSartre asibiza ngokuthi “usizi.”
Ukuphelelwa Yithemba Nokungaqondakali Kokuba Khona
Ukuphelelwa yithemba, ku-existential phenomenology kaSartre, kuvela lapho abantu bebhekene nemingcele engenakugwenywa yenkululeko yabo kanye nokungaqondi kahle kwesimo somuntu. Igama elithi "ukuphelelwa yithemba" kulo mongo lihlobene kakhulu nokuqaphela okukhulu kokuzihlukanisa komuntu endaweni yonke engenalo incazelo yangaphakathi. Ngokungafani nokuphelelwa yithemba okuvamile, okubonakala ngokucindezeleka kwezokwelapha noma ukuphelelwa yithemba kwesikhashana, ukuphelelwa yithemba kukaSartre kuyinto yokuphila futhi isakazeke kabanzi.
USartre uveza ngendlela edumile ukuphelelwa yithemba encwadini yakhe ethi “Nausea,” esebenzisa umlingiswa oyinhloko, u-Antoine Roquentin. URoquentin uzwa umuzwa ojulile wokuhlukaniswa nokudumazeka, okumholela ekubeni aqaphele ukuthi umhlaba—kanye nokuba khona kwakhe kuwo—awunalutho ngokwemvelo. Konke, kusukela ezintweni kuya ekusebenzelaneni kwabantu, kubonakala kungasho lutho futhi kungenangqondo. Lokhu kuqaphela kubopha uRoquentin enkingeni yencazelo, kumphoqa ukuthi abhekane nokuphila okungenalutho okungaphansi.
Encwadini yakhe ebalulekile, ethi "Ukuba Notho," uSartre uchaza ukuqonda komuntu "njengokungabi nalutho" okuhlala kuzama ukudlula isimo sako ngokudala incazelo nenhloso. Noma kunjalo, lo mzamo uvame ukuholela ekuphelelweni yithemba, njengoba amaphrojekthi ethu, ubudlelwano, kanye nezinto esiziphishekelayo zihlala zingaphansi kwezimo zezwe elingenandaba. Ngakho-ke, ukuphelelwa yithemba ukuqaphela ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi silwela kangakanani ukugcwalisa izimpilo zethu ngencazelo, asisoze sakwazi ukuphunyuka esikhaleni esisenhliziyweni yokuphila.
Inkululeko, Umthwalo Wemfanelo, kanye Nobunzima Bokuphelelwa Yithemba
Umqondo kaSartre wokuphelelwa yithemba uhlobene kakhulu nemibono yakhe yenkululeko kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo. Ukuqaphela ukuthi akukho mthombo wangaphandle wencazelo kuphoqa abantu ukuba babhekane nenkululeko yabo ephelele ekwakheni ikusasa labo. Nokho, le nkululeko igcwele ukukhathazeka kanye nokuphelelwa yithemba ngoba iqokomisa isimo esibuthakathaka nesingenathemba sezinqumo zethu.
Ukuqaphela umthwalo wethu wemfanelo wokugcina kungaholela ekuphelelweni yithemba okujulile. USartre uchaza lokhu njengesimo sokuphila lapho umuntu kufanele avume khona ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthembela kunoma yini engaphandle kwakhe ukuze athole isiqondiso noma isiqinisekiso. Lokhu kuzimela okunamandla kudinga ukuthi samukele ukungaqiniseki kanye nezimo ezingenzeka zokuphila kwethu. Sigwetshwe ukuba sikhululeke, siboshwe yisidingo sokwenza izinqumo njalo ngaphandle kwenduduzo yeziqondiso ezichazwe kusengaphambili.
USartre uqhubeka nokuhlola lesi simo esibucayi endabeni yakhe yefilosofi ethi "Existentialism is a Humanism." Uphikisana ngokuthi nakuba ukuphelelwa yithemba kuvela ekuqaphelisweni kwenkululeko yethu kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo, kunikeza nethuba lokuba khona kwangempela. Ubuqiniso, kuSartre, buhilela ukwamukela iqiniso lesimo sethu—ukungabikho kwezinto ezichazwe kusengaphambili kanye nesidingo sokudala incazelo ngesenzo. Ekwamukeleni inkululeko yethu kanye nokuphelelwa yithemba okukuyo, singaphila ngokweqiniso, ngaphandle kokuzikhohlisa ngamanga aduduzayo.
Ukuphelelwa Yithemba Njengendlela Eya Eqinisweni
Nakuba umqondo wokuphelelwa yithemba ungathandeki ngokungenakuphikwa, uSartre uphakamisa ukuthi unamandla okuvuka nokuphila kanye nobuqiniso. Ukuphelelwa yithemba kuhlubula izinkolelo-ze kanye neziqinisekiso ezingamanga ezimboza ubunjalo beqiniso bokuba khona kwethu. Ngokubhekana nokuphelelwa yithemba mathupha, singafinyelela ukuqonda okucacile kwenkululeko yethu kanye nobunzima bezinqumo zethu.
Esimisweni sikaSartre sobukhona, ukuphelelwa yithemba kuba yimbangela yokuguquka komuntu siqu. Kuphoqa abantu ukuba babhekane neqiniso elingajabulisi lokuthi bangabakhi bodwa bezimpilo zabo nokuthi ukuba khona kwabo kuncike ezenzweni zabo. Lokhu kuqaphela kungaholela emqondweni ojulile womthwalo wemfanelo kanye nendlela yokuphila eqondile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkolelo kaSartre yokuthi izinto zikhona ikhuthaza abantu ukuba bamukele amaphrojekthi abo kanye nezibopho zabo ngokuqaphela okukhulu ukuthi bangase bahluleke. Ukuphelelwa yithemba kugcizelela ukuqaphela ukuthi imizamo yethu ingase ingavezi imiphumela efiselekayo nokuthi umhlaba ungase unganikezi ukuqinisekiswa esikufunayo. Kodwa-ke, esikhundleni sokunqotshwa yinkolelo yokuthi izinto azinabo ubuqotho, uSartre ukhuthaza ukuzibandakanya okuqinile nokuphila, wamukele ukungaqiniseki okungokwemvelo futhi ezama ukudala incazelo naphezu kwamathuba.
Ukubhekana Nokuphelelwa Yithemba Empilweni Yanamuhla
Umqondo kaSartre wokuphelelwa yithemba uyaqhubeka nokuzwakala ezingxoxweni zanamuhla mayelana nokuba khona kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo kwabantu. Enkathini ebonakala ngentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe esheshayo, izinguquko zomphakathi, kanye nokuwohloka kwemithombo yendabuko yencazelo, izinselele zokuba khona ezichazwe nguSartre zisasebenza.
Abantu banamuhla bavame ukubhekana nezingcindezi zokulindela komphakathi, ukungaqondakali kobunikazi, kanye nokufuna injongo ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Ukuphelelwa yithemba okuchazwe uSartre kubonakala ngezindlela ezahlukene, kusukela ekukhathazekeni kokukhetha umsebenzi kuya ekudumazekeni ngamasiko abathengi. Njengoba abantu behamba kunethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yokuphila, ukuqonda kukaSartre kunikeza ukucabanga okubalulekile ngesimo sokuphelelwa yithemba kanye namandla aso okukhulisa ubuqiniso.
Umqondo kaSartre wokuphelelwa yithemba uyisisekelo sefilosofi yakhe yokuphila, ukhanyisa ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwenkululeko yomuntu, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokufuna incazelo. Ngenkathi ukuphelelwa yithemba kuvela ekuqaphelweni kokuzimela kwethu okukhulu kanye nokungacabangi kokuba khona, kusebenza futhi njengendlela eya ebuqothweni nasekuzazini. Ekubhekaneni nesikhala esisenhliziyweni yokuba khona, siphoqeleka ukwakha ingqikithi yethu ngokukhetha nezenzo ngamabomu. Ukuhlola kukaSartre ukuphelelwa yithemba kusimema ukuba samukele inkululeko yethu, sivume umthwalo wethu wemfanelo, futhi sihambe ngokungaqiniseki kokuba khona ngesibindi nangenhloso.
