Isihloko: Izizathu Zobukhona Beminyaka Yekhulu Lama-20
Ubukhona, njengenhlangano yefilosofi, babumba kakhulu isimo sengqondo sekhulu lama-20. Njengoba kwavela phakathi kwezimpi zomhlaba wonke, ukukhula kwezimboni okusheshayo, kanye nokuphazamiseka okukhulu kwezenhlalo, ubukhona bufuna ukubhekana nemibuzo eyisisekelo yokuba khona komuntu, inkululeko, kanye nencazelo. Lesi sihloko sihlola izizathu ezibalulekile zokuthi kungani ubukhona bube amandla amakhulu emcabangweni wekhulu lama-20.
Umongo Wezomlando
Izimpi Zomhlaba Nomthelela Wazo Wengqondo
Umonakalo owabangelwa yiMpi Yezwe ezimbili waba nombono ojulile nohlala njalo engqondweni yomuntu. Ubukhulu bokubhujiswa kanye nonya olusetshenziswe ngomshini lwalezi zimpi kwaholela ekuzizweni okujulile kokudumazeka. Izinkolelo nezindinganiso zendabuko zangatshazwa njengoba isintu sasibona ukujula kwamandla aso obudlova nokubhujiswa. Abacabangi be-existentialist abanjengoJean-Paul Sartre no-Albert Camus babhekana nobuwula bokuphila lapho bebhekene nobudlova obunjalo, bakha uhlaka lwefilosofi olwalugcizelela ukufuna komuntu ngamunye injongo endaweni yonke engenandaba.
Ukucindezeleka Okukhulu Nokungazinzile Kwezomnotho
Isiyaluyalu sezomnotho se-Great Depression saqhubeka nokuqeda ukuzethemba ezinhlakeni zomphakathi. Njengoba ukungasebenzi kwanda futhi kungena ukuphelelwa yithemba kwezomnotho, abaningi baqala ukungabaza izindinganiso zomphakathi ezazibonakala zingenakuphulwa ngaphambili. Ukuwohloka kwezinhlelo zezomnotho kwagcizelela ubuthakathaka bezakhiwo zabantu, kwaphoqa izazi zefilosofi ezikholelwa ekubeni khona kwezinto eziphilayo ukuba zihlole izihloko zokuhlukaniswa kanye nokufuna incazelo ezweni elibonakala lingazinzile.
Amasiko Efilosofi
Ifa likaKierkegaard noNietzsche
Ubukhona abuzange buvele endaweni engenalutho; babuthonywe kakhulu yimisebenzi yezazi zefilosofi zekhulu le-19 uSøren Kierkegaard noFriedrich Nietzsche. Ukugcizelela kukaKierkegaard kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ngamunye kanye nokuhlola kwakhe imiqondo efana "nokweqa kokholo" kanye "nokukhathazeka kokuphila" kwabeka isisekelo somcabango wobukhona. Isimemezelo sikaNietzsche "sokufa kukaNkulunkulu" kanye nokugxeka kwakhe ukuziphatha kwendabuko kwathinta kakhulu umongo wekhulu lama-20 ophawulwe ukudumazeka ngezikhungo ezisunguliwe. Laba bantu abaphambili abahlakaniphile banikeze isisekelo esicebile lapho abantu abaphila khona bekhulu lama-20 bakhela khona ifilosofi yabo.
I-Phenomenology kanye Nokuhlangenwe Nakho Kwabantu
Inhlangano ye-phenomenological, eholwa ngabacabangi abanjengo-Edmund Husserl kanye noMartin Heidegger kamuva, nayo idlale indima ebalulekile ekwakheni ubukhona bezinto. Ukugxila kwe-phenomenology kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu kanye nokuqaphela kuhambisana kahle nezindikimba ze-existentialist. Ukuhlola kukaHeidegger "ukuba" (uDasein) kanye nokuhlaziywa kwakhe kwesimo somuntu emisebenzini efana nethi "Ukuba Nesikhathi" kwaba nethonya elikhulu. Ama-existentialists amukele futhi andisa izindlela ze-phenomenological ukuze ajule kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu, egcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda komuntu siqu kanye nokuhumusha ekwakheni iqiniso.
Ushintsho Lwezamasiko Nokuhlakanipha
Ukudlondlobala Kobunye
Ikhulu lama-20 labona ushintsho olukhulu oluya ekuziphatheni komuntu ngamunye, oluqhutshwa yizinguquko zamasiko kanye nezenhlalo nezepolitiki. Njengoba izakhiwo zendabuko ezifana nenkolo kanye nomphakathi zilahlekelwa amandla azo empilweni yanamuhla, abantu ngabanye baphoqeleka kakhulu ezimweni lapho kufanele bachaze khona izindinganiso nezinjongo zabo. Ubukhona bubonise futhi bakhulisa lolu shintsho lwamasiko ngokugomela ukuthi abantu banesibopho sokudala incazelo ezimpilweni zabo, kunokuthembela ezakhiweni ezimiselwe kusengaphambili noma emagunyeni angaphandle.
Imibhalo kanye Nobuciko
Izincwadi kanye nobuciko kwaba yindawo evundile yemibono ye-existentialism. Abalobi abanjengoFranz Kafka, ngokuhlola kwakhe ukuhlukaniswa kanye nobuwula be-bureaucratic, kanye noJames Joyce, ngamasu akhe okuqaphela, baletha izingqikithi ze-existential kubabukeli abaningi. Ukugcizelela kwe-Existentialism empilweni yangaphakathi yomuntu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwengqondo kwabonakala ezinyakazweni ze-avant-garde nezesimanje, kwathonya kakhulu isiqondiso sobuciko nezincwadi zekhulu lama-20. Imisebenzi kaSartre noCamus, ababeyizazi zefilosofi kanye nababhali bamanoveli, babonisa lokhu kuhlangana, behlanganisa inkulumo yefilosofi kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha kwezincwadi.
Imithelela Yezombangazwe Nokuziphatha
Ubushiqela kanye Nenkululeko
Ukwanda kwemibuso yobushiqela ngekhulu lama-20, okuhlanganisa ubuNazi kanye nobuStalin, kwaphakamisa imibuzo enzima mayelana nenkululeko yabantu kanye nokuzimela. Abantu abakholelwa ekubeni khona baphendule ngokugcizelela isidingo sabantu sangaphakathi senkululeko kanye nesibopho sokuziphatha sokumelana nobushiqela. Isisho sikaSartre esidumile sokuthi abantu “balahlwe yicala lokuba bakhululekile” sigcizelela ukuqiniseka kwabantu abakholelwa ekubeni khona ukuthi, ngisho nasezimweni ezicindezelayo, abantu ngabanye bathwala umthwalo wemfanelo wezinqumo nezenzo zabo. Lesi sihloko sithinta kakhulu izwe elibhekene nokwesaba kobushiqela kanye nomzabalazo wenkululeko.
Ubukhona kanye Namalungelo Abantu
Ukugcizelelwa kwe-existentialism esithunzini somuntu ngamunye kanye nokuzimela kunemiphumela ebalulekile yokuziphatha kanye neyezepolitiki, okuthonya inkulumo yamalungelo abantu yanamuhla. Izazi zefilosofi ezifana noSimone de Beauvoir zasebenzisa izimiso ze-existentialism embonweni wabesifazane, ziphikisana ngenkululeko kanye nokuba khona kwangempela kwabesifazane. Incwadi kaDe Beauvoir ethi “The Second Sex” ihlolisise ngokujulile izindlela izimiso zomphakathi ezivimbela ngazo inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, zinikela enhlanganweni ebanzi yamalungelo abantu. Ngakho-ke i-Existentialism yanikeza kokubili ukugxekwa kwezinhlelo ezicindezelayo kanye nesizathu sefilosofi sokukhuthaza inkululeko yomuntu siqu neyezepolitiki.
Intuthuko Yesayensi Nezobuchwepheshe
Ukungaqiniseki Kwesayensi Yanamuhla
Intuthuko kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe phakathi nekhulu lama-20, nakuba yayiphawuleka, nayo yaletha ukungaqiniseki okusha. Intuthuko ye-quantum mechanics, kanye nokungaqiniseki kwayo okungokwemvelo, yaphonsela inselelo umbono womhlaba oqinisekile owawubusa kusukela ku-Newtonian physics. Abacabangi be-existentialist bathola ukufana phakathi kwalokhu kungaqiniseki kwesayensi nesimo somuntu, bekhuthaza ukuthi abantu kumele bahambe ezweni lapho kokubili ulwazi nencazelo kungeyona into ephelele kodwa kuncike ezintweni ezithile futhi kuncike ezintweni ezithile.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezobuchwepheshe
Intuthuko esheshayo kwezobuchwepheshe ilethe izinguquko ezibalulekile endleleni abantu ababephila futhi besebenza ngayo, okuvame ukuholela emizweni yokuhlukaniswa. Ukugxekwa komphakathi wezimboni nge-existentialist, njengoba kubonakala emisebenzini yabacabangi abafana noMartin Heidegger kanye noTheodor Adorno kamuva, kwagxila ezindleleni ubuchwepheshe obungasusa ngazo ubuntu futhi buhlukanise abantu nobuntu babo. I-Existentialism yayidinga ukuzibandakanya kabusha nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kwangempela lapho kubhekene nomphakathi okhula ngobuchwepheshe futhi ongenabo ubuntu.
Isiphetho
Ukwanda kobukhona bezinto ngekhulu lama-20 kungabangelwa ukuhlangana kwezici zomlando, amasiko, kanye nobuhlakani. Ukudumazeka okukhulu kanye nokubuza imibuzo ngezindinganiso zendabuko ezilethwe yizingxabano zomhlaba wonke, izinkinga zomnotho, kanye nokukhathazeka ngezinto ngezinto ngempilo kwakuyisisekelo esivundile semicabango yobukhona bezinto ngempilo. Bethonywe amasiko efilosofi angaphambilini futhi bebunjwe yintuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe yesimanje, abantu abaphila ngempilo banikeza uhlaka lwabantu ngabanye lokubhekana nobunzima bempilo yanamuhla. Ngokubhekana nemibuzo eyisisekelo yenkululeko yabantu, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokufuna incazelo, ubukhona bezinto ngempilo bashiye uphawu olungenakucimeka endwangu yobuhlakani namasiko yekhulu lama-20.
