Ifilosofi Yomthetho Wemvelo
Ifilosofi yomthetho wemvelo ingenye yamasiko ajulile futhi ahlala isikhathi eside emcabangweni waseNtshonalanga. Isekelwe emcabangweni wokuthi amalungelo athile kanye nezindinganiso zokuziphatha zitholakala emvelweni yomuntu futhi ziyaziwa emhlabeni wonke, umthetho wemvelo usube yitshe lesisekelo emikhakheni yokuziphatha, ezombusazwe, kanye nemfundiso yezomthetho. Lo mqondo usho ukuthi kunezimiso zokuziphatha eziqondile ezithathwe emvelweni nasekucabangeni komuntu, ezilawula ukuziphatha komuntu futhi zisebenza njengesisekelo sokusungula imithetho kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi.
Ukuthuthukiswa Komlando
Amasiko Asendulo
Imvelaphi yefilosofi yomthetho wemvelo ingalandelelwa emuva empucukweni yasendulo. EGrisi lasendulo, izazi zefilosofi ezifana no-Aristotle noPlato zazicabanga ngomqondo wokuhleleka okungaphakathi kwendalo yonke okwakubusa imvelo kanye nezindaba zabantu. Izinhlobo zikaPlato kanye nomqondo ka-Aristotle wobulungiswa njengento ehambisana nokuhleleka kwemvelo kuqokomisa imizamo yokuqala yokulwa nalokho esikuqaphela manje njengomthetho wemvelo.
U-Aristotle, ikakhulukazi encwadini yakhe ethi Nicomachean Ethics and Politics, wethula umqondo wobulungiswa bemvelo obukhona ngaphandle kwemithetho yabantu. Lobu bulungiswa buhlala njalo futhi buhlala njalo, buhlinzeka ngendinganiso lapho imithetho yabantu ingalinganiswa khona. Ukugcizelela kuka-Aristotle ukucabanga kanye nobuhle njengezimiso eziqondisayo kuhambisana eduze nokuthuthukiswa kwakamuva kwesiko lomthetho wemvelo.
Iminikelo YamaRoma
Izazi zefilosofi nabezomthetho bamaRoma baqhubekisela phambili umbono womthetho wemvelo. UCicero, encwadini yakhe ethi De Legibus, waphakamisa ukuthi umthetho weqiniso uyisizathu esifanele esivumelana nemvelo, esimi phakade futhi esingaguquki. Lo mbono wathonya izifundiswa zomthetho zamaRoma futhi wahlanganiswa ohlelweni lwezomthetho lwamaRoma, wafaka isandla esisekelweni salokho okwakuzoba umcabango wezomthetho waseNtshonalanga.
AmaStoyiku nawo adlala indima ebalulekile. Abantu abanjengoSeneca no-Epictetus bagcizelela ukuthi umthetho wemvelo uvela endaweni yonke enengqondo nenenjongo. Babekholelwa ukuthi ukuphila ngokuvumelana nomthetho wemvelo kwakubalulekile ukuze kufezwe i-eudaimonia, noma ukuchuma kwabantu.
Ukuhlanganiswa KwamaKristu
Ngokufika kobuKristu, inkolelo-mbono yomthetho wemvelo yathatha izilinganiso ezintsha. Izazi zefilosofi zobuKristu ezifana noSt. Augustine noSt. Thomas Aquinas zahlanganisa umthetho wemvelo nemfundiso yobuKristu. Ku-Aquinas, umthetho wemvelo wawuwukuhlanganyela emthethweni kaNkulunkulu waphakade. Emsebenzini wakhe omkhulu, i-Summa Theologica, u-Aquinas wahlonza umthetho wemvelo njengesici esiyisisekelo semvelo yomuntu, evumelanisa ukucabanga nentando yaphezulu.
Ukuchazwa kuka-Aquinas komthetho wemvelo kwaba yinto entsha. Waphakamisa ukuthi abantu, ngokucabanga, bangaqonda amaqiniso athile okuziphatha angokwemvelo yabo. La maqiniso ahlinzeka ngesisekelo semithetho yabantu, okufanele ihlose ukukhuthaza okuhle okuvamile futhi ivumelane nalezi zimiso zokuziphatha zangaphakathi. Ithiyori ka-Aquinas yomthetho wemvelo isalokhu inethonya, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwemfundiso yenkolo yamaKatolika kanye nezingxoxo ezibanzi zokuziphatha.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko
Universalism
Isimiso esiyinhloko sefilosofi yomthetho wemvelo ukuthi ungowomhlaba wonke. Izimiso zomthetho wemvelo zibhekwa njengowomhlaba wonke, zisebenza kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki isiko, isikhathi, noma indawo. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kuvela enkolelweni yokuthi umthetho wemvelo usekelwe emvelweni yomuntu uqobo, futhi ungabonakala ngokucabanga.
Umsebenzi
Umthetho wemvelo uthi amaqiniso okuziphatha aqotho futhi awalawulwa yizifiso zomuntu ngamunye noma izintandokazi zomphakathi. La maqiniso abhekwa njengatholakala ngokucabanga komuntu kanye nokuzindla ngesimo sabantu kanye nezinjongo zabo.
I-Teleology
Ithiyori yomthetho wemvelo ivame ukufaka umbono we-teleological wemvelo yomuntu. Ithi abantu banezinhloso noma izinjongo ezithile ezitholakala emvelweni yabo. Lezi zinjongo ziqondisa ukucabanga kokuziphatha futhi zinikeza isisekelo sokunquma ukuthi yini enhle nelungile. Isibonelo, uma injongo yemvelo yabantu ihlanganisa ukuqonda nokuphila komphakathi, khona-ke imithetho nezenzo ezikhuthaza lezi zici ziyahambisana nomthetho wemvelo.
Ukuxhumana Namalungelo Abantu
Umthetho wemvelo ngokomlando unikeze isisekelo somqondo wamalungelo abantu. Njengoba umthetho wemvelo uqondwa njengonikeza amalungelo athile angokwemvelo, usetshenziswe ukuphikisana ngokuba khona kwamalungelo abantu ayisisekelo okumele ahlonishwe yizo zonke izinhlelo zezepolitiki nezomthetho. Lokhu kuxhumana kubonakala emibhalweni efana neSimemezelo Sokuzimela kanye neSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, esiphinda izimiso zomthetho wemvelo ekuqinisekiseni kwawo isithunzi namalungelo abantu angokwemvelo.
Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano
Ithiyori yomthetho wemvelo ayizange ingabi nabagxeki kanye nezimpikiswano zayo. Ezinye zezigxeko eziyinhloko zifaka:
Ukuhlobana
Abagxeki bathi ukuba khona kwezwe lonke okushiwo yizazi zomthetho wemvelo kuyahluleka ukuchaza ukuhlukahluka kwezinkolelo nemikhuba yokuziphatha emasikweni nasemiphakathini ehlukene. Baphikisana ngokuthi lokho okubhekwa njengemvelo noma yokuziphatha kungahluka kakhulu, kuphonsele inselelo umqondo wezimiso zokuziphatha eziqondile nezijwayelekile.
Umbono Olungile Wezomthetho
Abantu abakholelwa ezintweni zomthetho, njengoJohn Austin noHLA Hart, baphikisana nomqondo wokuthi umthetho kufanele usekelwe ezimisweni zokuziphatha. Bathi umthetho uyindlela yomphakathi futhi kufanele uhlukaniswe nokuziphatha. Abantu abakholelwa ezintweni zomthetho bagomela ngokuthi imithetho isebenza ngokusekelwe ekuqalisweni nasekuphoqelelweni kwayo, hhayi ngoba ihambisana nohlelo lokuziphatha oluyimvelo.
Biology Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Abanye abagxeki banamuhla basikisela ukuthi i-biology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo iphonsela inselelo isisekelo somthetho wemvelo ngokugomela ngokuthi ukuziphatha kwabantu kanye nezinhlelo zokuziphatha kuyimikhiqizo yezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunokuba kube yizici eziqinile zemvelo yomuntu. Lo mbono uphikisana ngokuthi lokho umthetho wemvelo okubheka njengokungaphakathi kungaba amasu aguquguqukayo aguquke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukufaneleka Kwesimanje
Naphezu kwalokhu kugxekwa, inkolelo-mbono yomthetho wemvelo iyaqhubeka nokusebenza enkulumweni yesimanje yefilosofi, yezomthetho neyezepolitiki. Ihlinzeka ngohlaka oluqinile lokubhekana nezinkinga zamalungelo abantu, ubulungiswa, kanye nenhlalakahle evamile. Ukugcizelela kwayo ezimisweni zokuziphatha eziqondile kanye nokuzindla okunengqondo kunikeza iphuzu eliphikisana nemibono yokuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye neyokuthi izinto zilungile.
Ezingxoxweni zanamuhla, umthetho wemvelo uvame ukuhlangana nezingxoxo ngesithunzi somuntu, izimiso zokuziphatha, kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo. Isibonelo, izimpikiswano ezimelene nemikhuba efana ne-euthanasia noma esekela amalungelo abantu jikelele zivame ukusebenzisa izimiso zomthetho wemvelo ukuze ziqinisekise ubungcwele kanye nenani elingokwemvelo lokuphila komuntu.
Isiphetho
Ifilosofi yomthetho wemvelo isalokhu iyinkambu ebalulekile neguquguqukayo yophenyo, inikeza ukuqonda ngesimo sokuziphatha, amalungelo abantu, kanye nomthetho. Intuthuko yayo yomlando ibonisa ukuhlangana okucebile kwemibono evela eGrisi lasendulo, eRoma, kanye nemicabango yobuKristu, kuyilapho izimiso zayo ziqhubeka nokufundisa izingxoxo zokuziphatha nezomthetho zanamuhla. Naphezu kokubhekana nokugxekwa okukhulu, ukukhanga komthetho wemvelo okuhlala njalo kulele ekuzibophezeleni kwawo emaqinisweni okuziphatha omhlaba wonke kanye nenkolelo yesisekelo esinengqondo sobulungiswa kanye nokuchuma kwabantu.
