Ukugxekwa kwe-Poststructuralism kwe-Humanism
I-Humanism, inhlangano yobuhlakani eyavela ngesikhathi se-Renaissance, ibeka abantu enkabeni yendawo yonke, ibabeka njengezidalwa ezinengqondo, ezizimele ezikwazi ukwakha iziphetho zabo ngokucabanga nangenkululeko. Igcizelela isithunzi, inani, kanye negunya lomuntu ngamunye. I-Poststructuralism, eyavela ngesimo sokugxekwa ngokumelene ne-structuralism maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, inikeza ukuhlolwa kabusha okukhulu kwalezi zinkolelo-mbono ze-humanistic. Abacabangi abanjengoMichel Foucault, uJacques Derrida, noGilles Deleuze baphonsela inselelo imibono eyisisekelo ye-humanistic, bachitha izakhiwo zayo futhi babonisa ubunzima nokuphikisana okungaphakathi kwayo.
I-Humanism iveza umuntu ozinzile nohambisanayo okhona ngaphambi kwethonya lezenhlalo, okuphakamisa ukuthi abantu banesimo sangaphakathi esingatholakala futhi sivezwe. Ama-Poststructuralists aphikisana nalo mbono we-essentialist, ethi umuntu uqobo lwakhe luyisakhiwo esithonywa yizimo ezahlukahlukene zenhlalo, amasiko, ulimi, kanye nomlando. Umqondo kaMichel Foucault "wokucabanga" udlala indima ebalulekile lapha. UFoucault uthi abantu bakhiqizwa yizinkulumo ezahlukahlukene kanye nezakhiwo zamandla ezilawula izindinganiso, ukuziphatha, kanye nobunikazi. Esikhundleni sokuba yizithunywa ezizimele, abantu bagxile kakhulu ngaphakathi futhi bakhiwe yilezi zingxoxo. Ngakho-ke, umbono wobuntu womuntu ngokwakhe njengento ezimele, enengqondo, ngokusho kwe-poststructuralism, uwukukhohlisa okungokwemibono.
Ukugxekwa okuyinhloko kukaJacques Derrida ngobukhona kanye ne-logocentrism kuphonsela inselelo ukuthembela kobuntu ekucabangeni kanye nencazelo ezinzile. UDerrida uthi ulimi aluzinzile ngokwemvelo futhi incazelo ihlehliswa njalo, umqondo awubiza ngokuthi "umehluko." Lokhu kuphazamisa umbono wobuntu wokuthi ulimi lungamela ngokusobala iqiniso kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Kwabantu abasebenzisa ubuntu, ulimi luyithuluzi lokuxhumana kanye nokuvezwa kwamaqiniso omhlaba wonke. Nokho, uDerrida wembula ukuthi ulimi luyinethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezibonakaliso ezihlala zibhekisela kwezinye izimpawu, ezingenayo indawo eqondile yokuvela. Ngakho-ke, ukuphishekela incazelo ezinzile, ehambisanayo noma ingqikithi ngaphakathi kolimi kuyize.
UGilles Deleuze, kanye noFélix Guattari, benza ukuqedwa okuphelele kobuntu emisebenzini yabo efana nethi “A Thousand Plateaus.” Bethula umqondo we-“rhizome,” inethiwekhi engaguquki, ehlukanisiwe ehluke kakhulu nomodeli wobuntu wobuntu obuhlangene, obuphakathi. Embonweni we-rhizomatic, ubunikazi nezincazelo kuyashintshashintsha, kuhlukene, futhi kuxhumene, kwenqaba umqondo wesihloko esisodwa, esizinzile. Lokhu kucabanga kuhambisana nesimo sangemuva kwesakhiwo sokuthi abantu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabo akukwazi ukuncishiswa kube yizingqikithi eziqinile noma amaqiniso ajwayelekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-poststructuralism igxeka ukugcizelela kobuntu ezindabeni zomhlaba wonke kanye nemibono emikhulu. I-Humanism ivame ukusekela izindaba ezi-meta ezithi zinikeza incazelo ephelele yomlando wesintu kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho. UJean-François Lyotard, emsebenzini wakhe onethonya othi “The Postmodern Condition,” uchaza indlela lezi zindaba ezinkulu ezilahlekelwe ngayo ukwethembeka kwazo enkathini ye-postmodern. Uphikisana ngokuthi ukuhlukahluka kanye nobuningi bokuhlangenwe nakho kwenza lezi zincazelo ezibanzi zinganele futhi zicindezele. Ngakho-ke, i-poststructuralism ithanda izindaba ezincane kanye nokuqonda kwendawo, igcizelela ukubaluleka komongo kanye nobuningi bemibono.
Lokhu kugxekwa kudlulela ezicini zokuziphatha nezombangazwe zobuntu. Ubu-Humanism buthi busekela amalungelo nenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, kodwa izazi ze-poststructuralists zithi le mibono ingaphakathi kwezakhiwo zamandla nokulawula. Ukuhlola kukaFoucault i-biopolitics kanye namandla okuqondisa kubonisa indlela imiphakathi yanamuhla elawula ngayo abantu ngezikhungo ezifana namajele, izibhedlela, kanye nezikole. Lezi zikhungo zithi zisekela izindinganiso zobuntu zokucabanga, intuthuko, kanye nokuzimela kodwa zisebenza njengezindlela zokuqapha kanye nokwenza kube ngokwejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke izimiso zobu-Humanism ziba nzima kuzo kanye izakhiwo zamandla okuthiwa zifuna ukuziphonsela inselelo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile sokugxekwa kwe-poststructuralism ukuhlanekezela kwayo ama-binary kanye nama-hierarchies atholakala emcabangweni wobuntu. Ubu-Humanism buvame ukuthembela ekuphikisweni okubili njengokucabanga/imizwelo, isiko/imvelo, kanye nokuzihlukanisa/okunye, lapho igama lokuqala kubhangqa ngalinye linelungelo ngaphezu kwelesibili. Ukuhlanekezela kukaDerrida kwembula ukuthi la ma-binary akhiwa futhi agcinwa kanjani, okubonisa ukuthi awawona awemvelo noma abonakala ngokwawo kodwa kunalokho ayimikhiqizo yamasiko namasiko obuhlakani. Ngokuphazamisa la ma-hierarchies, i-poststructuralism ivula isikhala sezindlela ezihlukile zokucabanga ezimelana nokuhlukaniswa okulula futhi zamukele ubunzima nokungacaci.
Enye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-poststructuralism ukugcizelela kwayo ezicini zobudlelwano neziguquguqukayo zobunikazi kanye nencazelo. Esikhundleni sokubuka ubuwena njengento eqanjwe kusengaphambili, abacwaningi be-poststructuralism babuqonda njengomphumela wokuxhumana kanye nobudlelwano ngaphakathi kwezimo ezithile zomlando nezamasiko. Lo mbono ubonakala emsebenzini kaJudith Butler oqavile mayelana nokusebenza kobulili. Esebenzisa uFoucault noDerrida, uButler uphikisana ngokuthi ubulili abuyona imfanelo yemvelo kodwa isethi yezenzo eziphindaphindwayo kanye nemidlalo eyakha ubuwena ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuphonsela inselelo ukucabanga kwabantu ngezigaba ezizinzile, zemvelo zobunikazi.
Emfundweni, imiphumela yokugxekwa kwe-poststructuralism nge-humanism ijulile. Izinhlelo zemfundo zendabuko, ezisekelwe ezimisweni ze-humanism, zigcizelela ukudluliselwa kwemizimba eqinile yolwazi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwabantu abanengqondo nabazimele. Kodwa-ke, ama-poststructuralists asekela izindlela eziqaphela uhlobo oluhambisanayo nolwakhiwe lolwazi kanye nobunikazi. Imikhuba yezemfundo eqondiswa yi-poststructuralism ibeka phambili ukucabanga okubucayi, ukubuza imibuzo ngezinkambiso ezimisiwe, kanye nokuhlola imibono eyahlukahlukene.
Ekuphetheni, ukugxekwa kwe-poststructuralism nge-humanism kunikeza ukucabanga kabusha okukhulu ngemibono eyisisekelo njengobunikazi, ulimi, amandla, nolwazi. Ngokuphonsela inselelo imikhuba ye-essentialism kanye nokwenza i-humanisticism ibe yindawo yonke, abacabangi be-poststructuralist bakhanyisa ubunzima, ukungaqondakali, kanye nobuningi obuchaza ukuba khona komuntu. Lokhu kugxekwa kugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlola izimo zenhlalo namasiko kanye namandla ashukumisa ukuqonda kwethu ngomuntu kanye nomhlaba. Ngenkathi kuqeda iziqiniseko eziduduzayo ezinikezwa yi-humanism, i-poststructuralist ivula amathuba amasha okucabanga nokuba khona, isimema ukuba samukele isimo esiguquguqukayo, esihlobene, kanye nesihambisanayo sezimpilo zethu.
