Inkolelo-mbono ye-Utilitarianism yenjabulo: Ukuhlola kwefilosofi
I-Utilitarianism iyinkolelo-mbono yefilosofi elandelanayo ehlotshaniswa kakhulu nabacabangi abanjengoJeremy Bentham noJohn Stuart Mill. Enhliziyweni yayo, i-utilitarianism igcizelela ukuthi ukuziphatha kwesenzo kunqunywa ngokuyisisekelo ngumphumela waso, ikakhulukazi maqondana nenjabulo noma inhlalakahle esiyikhiqizayo. Inkolelo-mbono yenjabulo ngaphakathi kwe-utilitarianism ithi izenzo ezinhle kakhulu yilezo ezikhulisa injabulo futhi zinciphise ubuhlungu, zilwela okuhle kakhulu ngenani elikhulu. Lesi sihloko sihlola izimiso eziyinhloko ze-utilitarianism, sijula embonweni wayo wenjabulo, futhi sihlola imiphumela yayo kanye nokugxekwa kwayo.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokusebenzisa Utilitarianism
I-Utilitarianism ivela emcabangweni wokuthi ukubaluleka kokuziphatha kwesenzo kwahlulelwa ngemiphumela yaso. UJeremy Bentham, omunye wabantu abasungula umcabango we-utilitarian, wakuveza lokhu ngesimiso sokusetshenziswa, noma isimiso senjabulo esikhulu kunazo zonke. Ngokusho kukaBentham, izenzo zilungile ngokulingana nezinga ezikhuthaza ngalo injabulo nokungalungile uma nje ziveza okuphambene nenjabulo, okungukuthi, ubuhlungu. Indlela kaBentham yokufika enjabulweni yayiwukuzijabulisa kakhulu, ibheka injabulo nobuhlungu njengeminikelo eyisisekelo kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu futhi ngaleyo ndlela yizinto eziyinhloko ezinquma okuhle nokubi kokuziphatha.
UJohn Stuart Mill, ekhulisa imibono kaBentham, waletha ukuqonda okujulile kwe-utilitarianism. UMill waqaphela ubunzima benjabulo yomuntu futhi wahlukanisa phakathi kwezinjabulo eziphakeme (zobuhlakani nezokuziphatha) neziphansi (zomzimba). Waphikisana ngokuthi izinjabulo eziphakeme ziphakeme ngokwemvelo kuneziphansi, ekhuthaza ukuhlolwa kwenjabulo okunekhwalithi kunokuba kube nje okunobuningi. UMill wachaza inguqulo yakhe yesimiso esikhulu senjabulo ngokuthi izenzo zilungile ngezinga ezikhuthaza injabulo nokungalungile lapho ziveza okuphambene nenjabulo, ngaleyo ndlela ehlanza indlela ye-utilitarian.
Umqondo Wenjabulo Owusizo
Ku-utilitarianism, injabulo ilinganiswa nenjabulo kanye nokungabikho kobuhlungu. Kodwa-ke, lesi sibalo esilula sandisiwe ukuze sifake ukuceba kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. I-Bentham's quantitative hedonism ihlola injabulo ngokusekelwe ekuqineni kwayo, ubude, ukuqiniseka, ukusondelana, kanye nezinye izilinganiso ezahlukene, ihlose ukubala 'ukusetshenziswa' kwezenzo ezahlukene ngokusebenzisa i-felicific calculus.
I-qualitative hedonism kaMill ibhekana nokugxekwa kwenkolelo-mbono kaBentham ngokuqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izinjabulo ezinenani elifanayo. Ngokusho kukaMill, izinjabulo zengqondo nezokuziphatha zinegalelo elikhulu enjabulweni yabantu kunezinjabulo zomzimba nje. Isibonelo, injabulo etholakala ngokufunda incwadi ejulile noma ukuzibandakanya emisebenzini yomphakathi enenjongo ibhekwa njengengcono kunezinjabulo zesikhashana zokudla noma zokuzijabulisa. UMill washo ngokudumile ukuthi, "Kungcono ukuba ngumuntu onganelisekile kunokwaneliseka kwengulube; kungcono ukuba uSocrates onganelisekile kunokwaneliseka kwesiwula." Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izici zekhwalithi zibalulekile ekuhloleni injabulo, kugcizelelwa ukuhlolwa okuphezulu ukuze kuqondiswe ukwenziwa kwezinqumo zokuziphatha.
Imiphumela Yombono Wenjabulo Ka-Utilitarianism
Uhlaka lwe-utilitarian lunemiphumela ejulile ekuxoxweni ngokuziphatha kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi. Ngokukhuthaza ukwandiswa kwenjabulo iyonke, i-utilitarianism ithonya izici ezahlukene zokuziphatha komphakathi nezomuntu siqu:
1. Ukwenza Izinqumo Ezifanele: Izimiso Zokusebenzisa Izinto Ezifanele ziqondisa abantu ukuba bacabangele imiphumela ebanzi yezenzo zabo. Umuntu angase abhekane nenkinga yokuziphatha, njengokuthi kufanele akhulume iqiniso elibuhlungu noma amanga aduduzayo. Ukusebenzisa Izinto Ezifanele Kungachaza inkambo yesenzo eholela enjabulweni enkulu kulabo abahilelekile.
2. Inqubomgomo Yomphakathi: Usizo luthinta kakhulu izinqubo zomthetho kanye nokwenza izinqubomgomo. Ohulumeni nezinhlangano bavame ukwamukela izinqubomgomo ngemva kokuhlola amandla azo okuthuthukisa inhlalakahle ehlangene. Isibonelo, usizo lusekela izinhlelo zokunakekelwa kwempilo yomphakathi, izinguquko zemfundo, kanye nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, okuhloswe ngazo ukunciphisa ukuhlupheka nokukhuthaza injabulo yomphakathi iyonke.
3. Ubulungiswa Namalungelo: Nakuba i-utilitarianism ibeka phambili injabulo ehlangene, ibhekane nokugxekwa ngokunganaki amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Abagxeki bathi i-utilitarianism ingase ithethelele ukudela ambalwa ngenxa yenzuzo enkulu. Bebhekana nalokhu, abanye abasekeli, kuhlanganise noMill, baye bafuna ukuvumelanisa izimiso ze-utilitarian nesimiso sobulungiswa esivikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye kanye nenkululeko.
4. Amalungelo Ezilwane: Ukuguquguquka kwe-Utilitarianism kuvumela ukufakwa kwezilwane ezingezona ezomuntu ekucabangeni ngokuziphatha. Ngokuqaphela ukuthi izilwane zingaba nenjabulo nobuhlungu, izimiso zokuziphatha ze-utilitarian zikhuthaza ukuphatha izilwane ngezindlela ezinciphisa ukuhlupheka futhi zithuthukise inhlalakahle yazo.
Ukugxekwa Nezinselele
Naphezu kweminikelo yayo enethonya, inkolelo-mbono yenjabulo ye-utilitarianism ibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu nezinselele:
1. Ukulinganiswa Kwenjabulo: Abagxeki bathi injabulo iyinto eyenzeka ngokwengqondo futhi kunzima ukuyilinganisa. I-calculus yenjabulo ephakanyiswe yiBentham ayinalo ukusebenza okusebenzayo, njengoba ukulinganisa nokuqhathanisa okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ngamunye kwenjabulo nobuhlungu kuletha izinselele ezinkulu.
2. Ukusatshalaliswa Kwenjabulo: Utilitarianism igcizelela injabulo iyonke kodwa ingase inganaki ukusatshalaliswa kwenjabulo phakathi kwabantu ngabanye. Lokhu kungabangela izimo lapho ukuhlupheka kwengcosana kufaneleka khona ngenxa yenjabulo enkulu yeningi, okuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngobulungiswa kanye nokungakhethi.
3. Izinjabulo Eziphakeme Neziphansi: Umehluko kaMill phakathi kwezinjabulo eziphakeme neziphansi, ngenkathi ekhuluma ngokugxekwa okuthile, wethula izahlulelo ezizimele mayelana nokubaluleka kwezinjabulo ezahlukene. Abagxeki bathi kungaba yinkinga ukuhlukanisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu okuhlukahlukene.
4. Ukubikezela Imiphumela: Utilitarianism idinga ukubikezela imiphumela yezenzo, okuvame ukugcwala ukungaqiniseki. Kungaba nzima ukubona kusengaphambili yonke imiphumela yesenzo esithile nokuhlola umthelela waso wonke enjabulweni ngokunembile.
5. Ubuqotho Bokuziphatha: Abagxeki bathi ubuqotho bungase buphoqe abantu ukuba benze okuphambene nemicabango yabo yokuziphatha noma ubuqotho babo. Isibonelo, indlela eqinile yobulungisa ingase idinge ukukhohlisa noma ngisho nokwenza okubi uma izenzo ezinjalo ziholela enjabulweni enkulu iyonke, okubangela ukungafani kokuziphatha.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori ye-Utilitarianism yenjabulo inikeza uhlaka olunamandla nolunethonya lokuqonda ukuziphatha okusekelwe emiphumeleni yezenzo. Ngokugcizelela ukukhulisa injabulo nokunciphisa ubuhlungu, inikeza ilensi enamandla yokuhlola izinqumo zokuziphatha kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi. Iminikelo kaBentham noMill iye yacebisa lesi siko sefilosofi, iqokomisa ubunzima nokujula kwenjabulo yomuntu.
Kodwa-ke, i-utilitarianism ibhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu, kusukela enseleleni yokulinganisa injabulo kuya ekukhathazekeni ngobulungiswa namalungelo omuntu ngamunye. Iyaqhubeka nokuvusa impikiswano ecebile yefilosofi, ikhuthaza ukuzindla okuqhubekayo ngesimo senjabulo, ukuziphatha, kanye nezindlela esifuna ngazo okuhle kakhulu kwabaningi.
