Umbono KaJohn Searle Wesenzo: Ukuqonda Ngokuqonda Inhloso kanye Namaqiniso Ezenhlalo
UJohn Searle, isazi sefilosofi esidumile saseMelika, ungomunye wabantu ababalulekile kwifilosofi yanamuhla, owaziwa kakhulu ngeminikelo yakhe kwifilosofi yolimi, ingqondo, kanye neqiniso lezenhlalo. Phakathi kwemizamo yakhe eyahlukene yefilosofi, inkolelo-mbono yesenzo sikaSearle ibaluleke kakhulu. Okubalulekile kumbono-mbono kaSearle ukuhlola inhloso, inkululeko yokuzikhethela, kanye nokwakheka kwamaqiniso ezenhlalo ngokusebenzisa inhloso ehlangene. Le ndatshana igxila kumbono-mbono wesenzo kaSearle, iveza ukuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezimo zengqondo, izenzo, kanye nokwakhiwa komphakathi.
Inhloso kanye Nesenzo
Emongweni wenkolelo-mbono kaSearle yesenzo kukhona umqondo “wokuhlosa”—amandla engqondo okuqondiswa entweni ethile noma mayelana nayo. Esebenzisa isiko lezinto ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi imisebenzi ka-Edmund Husserl, uSearle ugcizelela ukuthi ukuhlosa kuyisici esiyisisekelo sokwazi. Ukuze uSearle aqonde izenzo, umuntu kumele aqale aqonde izimo ezihlosiwe ezizibangelayo.
Izimo ezihlosiwe yizimo zengqondo ezimele izinto, izakhiwo, noma izimo emhlabeni. Zihlanganisa izinkolelo, izifiso, amathemba, ukwesaba, kanye nezinhloso. Uma kukhulunywa ngezenzo ngqo, uSearle uphawula indima ebalulekile “yezinhloso-esenzweni” kanye “nezinhloso zangaphambilini.” Izinhloso-esenzweni yilezo zinhloso ezilawula ngqo ukwenziwa kwesenzo, kuyilapho izinhloso zangaphambilini yilezo ezandulela ukwenziwa kwangempela kwesenzo.
Umehluko kaSearle phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili zenhloso unikeza ukuqonda okujulile kokuthi izenzo zakhiwa futhi zenziwa kanjani. Izinhloso zangaphambilini zibeka isisekelo sesenzo ngokuhlela nokubikezela umphumela ohlosiwe, kanti izinhloso-esenzweni ziqinisekisa ukuthi isenzo sihambisana nohlelo olusungulwe ngaphambilini.
Inkululeko Yokuzikhethela Nokuqonda
Umbono kaSearle wesenzo uthinta nendaba ephikisanayo yenkululeko yokuzikhethela. USearle uphikisa ngokuthi ukucabanga okunengqondo nokuqondayo kudlala indima ebalulekile ekubonakalisweni kwenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Uphikisana nokunquma ngokuphakamisa ukuthi abantu banohlobo "lwegebe" ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo lapho ukucabanga okunengqondo kungasebenza ngaphandle kokunqunywa ngesizathu yizimo zangaphambilini.
Leli “gebe” livumela abantu ukuthi bahlole izizathu, bacabangele ezinye izindlela, futhi ekugcineni benze izinqumo ezinganqunywanga kusengaphambili. Ngokugqamisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kokucabanga okunengqondo kanye nenkululeko yokuzikhethela, iSearle iqinisekisa amandla okwenza isenzo esizimele ngaphakathi kohlaka lwefilosofi oluvame ukubuswa yizindaba eziqondile zokuziphatha kwabantu.
Amandla Angemuva kanye Nenethiwekhi Yezinhloso
USearle uphinde athuthukise umbono wakhe wesenzo ngokuhlanganisa umqondo "weSizinda" kanye "neNethiwekhi." ISizinda sibhekisela kusethi yamakhono engqondo angameleli avumela abantu ukuba babe nezimo ezihlosiwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amakhono, imikhuba, imikhuba, izimo, kanye nolwazi olujwayelekile olungalethwanga ngokusobala ekuqapheleni kodwa olubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwenhloso.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iNethiwekhi yakhiwe yinethiwekhi exhumene yezimo ezihlosiwe ezihlinzeka ngokuhambisana nokuzinza empilweni yethu yengqondo. Lapho abantu bakha izinhloso, bakwenza lokho bebhekene nenethiwekhi enkulu yezinkolelo ezikhona, izifiso, kanye nezinye izimo ezihlosiwe.
Isibonelo, lapho umuntu enquma ukubhaka ikhekhe, le nhloso ifakwa kunethiwekhi yezinkolelo mayelana nokuthi ukubhaka kuhlanganisani (ulwazi lwezindlela zokupheka, izithako, namasu okubhaka) kanye nezifiso (isifiso sokudla ikhekhe, ukujabulisa izivakashi, njll.). Isizinda siqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu unolwazi olusebenzayo namakhono okufeza umsebenzi ngempumelelo.
Inhloso Ehlanganisiwe kanye Neqiniso Lomphakathi
Isici esiyingqayizivele kakhulu sombono kaSearle wesenzo ukulandisa kwakhe ngezinhloso ezihlangene kanye nendima yazo ekwakheni iqiniso lezenhlalo. USearle uthi izici eziningi zeqiniso lezenhlalo zidalwe yizinhloso ezihlangene—izinkolelo nezinhloso ezihlanganyelwe zamaqembu abantu ngabanye.
Isibonelo, imali, umshado, kanye nohulumeni akukhona ngoba kuyizinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa ngoba abantu bakholwa futhi benza sengathi bakhona. La maqiniso ezenhlalo adalwe “ngemithetho elawulayo,” echazwa yiSearle ngokwefomula ethi “u-X ubalwa njengo-Y kumongo C.” Ngamanye amazwi, iphepha (X) libalwa njengemali (Y) kumongo wezenhlalo-zomnotho (C) ngenxa yesivumelwano esihlangene.
Ukuzimisela ngokubambisana kubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthi izikhungo zomphakathi ezinkulu kanye nemikhuba iqala kanjani ukuba khona. Ngaphandle kwezimo ezihloselwe abantu ngabanye, izinhlangano ezifana nezinkampani, izizwe, kanye nezinhlelo zomthetho bezingeke zibe ngokoqobo. Lesi sici sombono kaSearle sigcizelela ithonya elijulile lezimo zengqondo kanye nesivumelwano esihlangene ekubumbeni imiphakathi yabantu.
Ukugxeka Nezingxabano
Naphezu kokuqina kombono kaSearle wesenzo, akuzange kube khona ngaphandle kokugxekwa nokuphikisana. Ezinye izazi zefilosofi zithi ukuthembela kukaSearle ekuqondeni izinto ngokwemvelo kuguqula kakhulu izinqubo zengqondo futhi akunaki iminikelo engaba khona yezinqubo ezingazi lutho nezizenzakalelayo esenzweni somuntu. Abanye baphikisana ngokuthi ukuma kwakhe ngokukhululeka ngeke kubhekane ngokwanele nezinselele ezibangelwa yi-neuroscience, okuvame ukusikisela ukuthi izinqubo zobuchopho ziyisisekelo sokwenza izinqumo ngendlela engase ibe yinto eqinisekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulandisa kukaSearle ngeqiniso lezenhlalo kudale impikiswano mayelana nokungakhethi kanye nokuzinza kwamaqiniso ezenhlalo. Abagxeki bayabuza ukuthi inhloso ehlangene ingabangela yini ukuqhubeka kwezikhungo zomphakathi kuzo zonke izizukulwane, ikakhulukazi lapho kungekho ukuqinisekiswa okucacile nokuqhubekayo.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yesenzo sikaJohn Searle iveza ukulandisa okubanzi kwefilosofi okuhlanganisa ngokujulile izimo ezihlosiwe, ukucabanga okunengqondo, kanye nokwakhiwa komphakathi. Ngokugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuzimisela kanye nendima yokucabanga okuqondile, uSearle unikeza uhlaka olunamandla lokuqonda izenzo zabantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuqonda kwakhe ngokuzimisela okuhlangene kunikeza ilensi ebaluleke kakhulu yokubuka ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa kwamaqiniso omphakathi.
Nakuba inkolelo-mbono kaSearle ibhekene nezinselele kanye nokugxekwa, ithonya layo lihlala libalulekile kwifilosofi yanamuhla. Ngokuphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo yokuthi yini eqhuba izenzo zabantu nokuthi amaqiniso ezenhlalo akhiwa kanjani, inkolelo-mbono kaSearle iyaqhubeka nokuphefumulela izingxoxo kanye nophenyo kwifilosofi yengqondo, i-ontology yezenhlalo, nangale kwalokho.
