USimone de Beauvoir kanye ne-Existentialist Feminism: Inkulumo Yoguquko
USimone de Beauvoir (1908-1986) umi njengomuntu omkhulu emikhakheni yefilosofi yobukhona kanye nomcabango wobufeministi. Umsebenzi kaDe Beauvoir, ikakhulukazi incwadi yakhe enkulu, ethi “The Second Sex,” uye waba yitshe lesisekelo esifundweni sobulili, ubuwena, kanye nenkululeko. Ukuhlanganiswa kwakhe okuyingqayizivele kobukhona bobukhona emibonweni yobufeministi kumele impumelelo ebalulekile—inhlanganisela enamandla, eguqulayo ebuza ngokuphila kwabantu ngenkathi iphonsela inselelo izakhiwo zomphakathi ezicindezela abesifazane. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kukhuthaza inkulumo ejulile eqhubeka nokuzwakala ezindabeni zanamuhla zobufeministi.
Ubukhona Bezinto Ezikhona kanye Neminyaka Yokuqala Yokuhlakanipha
Ukuze siqonde igalelo lika-de Beauvoir embonweni wabesifazane, kubalulekile ukuqonda izisekelo zobukhona—inhlangano yobuhlakani egxile ekuhlolweni kwenkululeko yabantu, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nobuntu babo. Abantu ababalulekile abakholelwa ebukhoneni bomuntu njengoJean-Paul Sartre, uFriedrich Nietzsche, noMartin Heidegger bagcizelele ulwazi lomuntu siqu, bephikisana ngokuthi ukuba khona kuqala ngaphambi kwento ethile. Lo mgomo usho ukuthi abantu abazalwa benenhloso echazwe kusengaphambili; Kunalokho, kumele bazakhele ubunjalo babo ngokukhetha nangezenzo.
UDe Beauvoir, ehambisana noSartre ngokwakhe nangokomqondo, wamukela futhi wavumelanisa izingqikithi zobukhona ukuze ahlole okuhlangenwe nakho okuyingqayizivele kwabesifazane. Efundiswe e-École Normale Supérieure ehlonishwayo eParis, imfundo yokuqala yefilosofi kade Beauvoir yayigxile ekufundeni i-metaphysics kanye ne-phenomenology. Ukuhlangana noSartre eSorbonne ngo-1929 kwamethula ekubambisaneni impilo yonke okwathonya kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe. Kodwa-ke, ngenkathi ubukhona bukaSartre bunikeza isisekelo, ilensi kade Beauvoir yobufeministi yakhanyisa imingcele ethile yobulili yenkululeko yabantu kanye nokucindezelwa.
"Ubulili Besibili" kanye ne-Feminist Existentialism
Incwadi ethi “The Second Sex” eyanyatheliswa ngo-1949, yavela njengombhalo obalulekile, yafaka u-de Beauvoir emcabangweni wabesifazane. Le ncwadi ihlaziya ngokucophelela izindlela zomlando nezamasiko abesifazane abaye bacindezelwa ngazo, ibabeka 'njengabanye' emphakathini olawulwa yizinzalamizi. Umbono ka-De Beauvoir we-existentialist feminist uveza ukucindezelwa kwabesifazane njengokunqatshelwa kwenkululeko yabo kanye nobuntu babo—ukungabi nabulungisa kwe-existential.
UDe Beauvoir ugomela ngokuthi ubufazi abuyona into engokwemvelo kodwa buwubuntu obakhelwe emphakathini. Isimemezelo sakhe esidumile esithi, “Umuntu akazalwa, kodwa uba ngowesifazane,” sigcizelela lo mqondo. Lesi sitatimende siphikisa imibono yabantu ababalulekile ngobufazi, esikhundleni salokho sithi ubulili bubunjwa yizinto ezilindelwe emphakathini kanye nezindinganiso.
Esebenzisa inkolelo yokuthi izinto ziyenzeka, u-de Beauvoir ugcizelela ukukhetha kanye nokukhetha njengento ebalulekile enkululekweni yabesifazane. Ugxeka ubuzwe ngokubeka abesifazane endaweni yokuhlala—isimo sokuphila okungenamsebenzi esivinjelwa yizindima ezibekiwe—kuyilapho amadoda ebekwe endaweni yokudlula umkhawulo, ebumba ngenkuthalo iziphetho zawo. U-De Beauvoir ubiza abesifazane ukuba badlule imingcele yomphakathi, bamukele ukuzithoba kwabo, futhi baqinisekise inkululeko yabo yokuzichaza.
Izindikimba Zenkululeko Nokungacaci
Okubalulekile kumbono ka-de Beauvoir wobufeministi ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwenkululeko nokungacaci. Nakuba umbono wobufeministi ugubha inkululeko yomuntu, uyavuma futhi nokungacaci okungokwemvelo kokuba khona. UDe Beauvoir uhlola lokhu kubili, ebhekene nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi abesifazane ababhekana nazo ekusebenziseni inkululeko yabo.
Ku-“The Ethics of Ambiguity,” u-de Beauvoir uchaza kabanzi ngombono we-existentialism wokuthi abantu kumele babhekane nokungezwani phakathi kwenkululeko yabo kanye nemingcele ebekwa yizwe langaphandle. Kwabesifazane, le mingcele ikhuliswa yizakhiwo zamadoda ezinciphisa ukuzimela kwabo. U-De Beauvoir akakhuthazi ukubalekela ukungaqondakali kodwa kunalokho unxusa abesifazane ukuba babhekane nakho futhi bakwamukele, njengoba inkululeko yangempela ihilela ukuqaphela nokweqa imingcele.
Ithonya lika-De Beauvoir Kukunyakaza Kwabesifazane
Ubufeministi bukaDe Beauvoir obusekelwe ebuntwini bushiye uphawu olungenakulibaleka ezinhlanganweni ezalandela zobufeministi. Ukubiza kwakhe inkululeko yabesifazane ngokuzichaza kanye nokunika amandla kwabeka isisekelo samagagasi ahlukahlukene obufeministi. Ubufeministi be-Second Wave bango-1960 no-1970, obugxile ekukhululweni komuntu siqu nakwezepolitiki, basebenzise kakhulu imibono kade Beauvoir. Abantu ababalulekile njengoBetty Friedan kanye nezazi ezingaphakathi kwe-Women's Liberation Movement bathole ku-“The Second Sex” ukugxekwa okunamandla kwezakhiwo ezihlelekile ezicindezela abesifazane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi ka-de Beauvoir uthonye ubufeministi obuhlanganisa izingxenye eziningi ngokugqamisa uhlobo olunezinhlangothi eziningi lokucindezelwa. Ngenkathi egxile kakhulu kubulili, uhlaka lwakhe luhlanganisa ukuhlaziywa kohlanga, isigaba, kanye nezinye izilinganiso zobunikazi. Abacabangi banamuhla bamalungelo abesifazane njengoKimberlé Crenshaw bakhela phezu kokuqonda kuka-de Beauvoir ukuhlola ukuthi izinhlobo zokucindezelwa ezihlanganisa izingxenye ezithile zibathinta kanjani abantu ngabanye.
Ukugxekwa kanye Nokubaluleka Okuqhubekayo
Nakuba idumile kakhulu, umsebenzi ka-de Beauvoir nawo ubhekane nokugxekwa. Izazi ziveze umbono wakhe we-Eurocentric, ikakhulukazi zinganaki okuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane ngaphandle kwezimo zaseNtshonalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye bathi ukugcizelela kwakhe inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kungase kunganaki izilinganiso zesakhiwo nezokubambisana ezidingekayo ekubhekaneni nokucindezelwa kwesistimu.
Naphezu kwalokhu kugxekwa, iminikelo ka-de Beauvoir isabalulekile kakhulu. Enkathini exoxa ngokuhlukahluka kobulili, ezombusazwe zobunikazi, kanye nobumbano lwabesifazane bomhlaba wonke, ubufeministi buka-de Beauvoir obusekelwe ebuntwini bunikeza uhlaka oluwusizo lokuqonda nokubhekana nezinkinga zanamuhla.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlanganiswa kukaSimone de Beauvoir kobukhona kanye nobufeministi kumelela inkulumo entsha eqhubeka nokukhuthaza nokuphonsela inselelo. I-“The Second Sex” isalokhu ingumbhalo oyisisekelo, onikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngokuxhumana okuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kobulili, inkululeko, kanye nobunikazi. Ngokugomela ukuthi abesifazane kumele bazichaze futhi bamukele inkululeko yabo yobukhona, u-de Beauvoir wabeka isisekelo sefilosofi kanye nobufeministi esihlala njalo. Ifa lakhe lisinxusa ukuba sibhekane futhi sidlule izakhiwo zomphakathi ezisibophayo, siqinisekisa ukufuna okuhlala njalo kwenkululeko yabantu.
