Ithiyori Yolwazi Engokomlando: Ukuhlola Okujulile
Ukufuna ukuqonda ulwazi kube yinto ebalulekile kwifilosofi nesayensi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane. Enye indlela ebaluleke kakhulu yalolu cwaningo inkolelo-mbono yolwazi eqanjiwe, esekela umbono wokuthi ulwazi lutholakala ngokuyisisekelo kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukwembula ubunzima balo mbono, sihlole izimpande zawo zomlando, izimiso eziyinhloko, kanye nokuhumusha kwanamuhla.
Umongo Wezomlando
Ithiyori yolwazi eqanjiwe ithola umsuka wayo emasikweni efilosofi asendulo, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini yangaphambi kukaSocrates, u-Aristotle, kanye nabacabangi bakamuva njengoJohn Locke, uGeorge Berkeley, noDavid Hume. Lezi zazi zefilosofi zazithi ulwazi aluzalwa nalo kodwa lutholakala ngokuhlangenwe nakho.
U-Aristotle waphikisana ngokuthi ulwazi luqala ngokubona okunezinzwa. Wahlukanisa phakathi kwe-episteme (ulwazi lwesayensi) ne-doxa (umbono), egomela ngokuthi ukubuka okunezinzwa kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuthola ulwazi lweqiniso. Ukugxila kuka-Aristotle ekubukeni nasekuhlukaniseni kwabeka isisekelo sezindlela zakamuva zokuhlola.
UJohn Locke, encwadini yakhe eyinhloko ethi “An Essay Concerning Human Understanding” (1690), wathuthukisa umqondo wengqondo njenge-“tabula rasa” noma i-blank slate. Ngokusho kukaLocke, lonke ulwazi luvela kokuhlangenwe nakho, akuhlukanise kube umuzwa nokuzindla. Ukuzwa kubhekisela kokufakwayo kwangaphandle okubonwa ngezinzwa, kuyilapho ukuzindla kuhilela ukucubungula kwangaphakathi kwalokhu kufakwa kwezinzwa.
UGeorge Berkeley wathatha uhlaka lukaLocke waluqhubekisela phambili ngokuthi izinto zikhona njengemibono engqondweni. Ukungabi nandaba kukaBerkeley kusikisela ukuthi umhlaba wangaphandle ungabonakala kuphela ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa ngoba ukuba khona kuncike ekuboneni—okufingqiwe emushweni othi “esse est percipi” (ukuba khona kuwukubonwa).
UDavid Hume walungisa ifilosofi yamandla ngokwethula ukuhlaziywa okujulile kokuqonda komuntu. Ku-"A Treatise of Human Nature" (1739-1740), uHume waphikisana ngokuthi ukuqonda komuntu kuvela emkhubeni kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kunokuqonda okunengqondo. Wethula umqondo "wesiko" noma "umkhuba" njengento eyisisekelo ekuhlanganiseni imibono, okwaholela kulokho akubiza ngokuthi "izindaba zeqiniso" (amaqiniso ayisisekelo) ahlukaniswe "nobudlelwano bemibono" (amaqiniso anengqondo).
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zethiyori Yobufakazi
Ithiyori yolwazi eqanjiwe isekelwe ezimisweni eziningana ezibalulekile:
1. Ukuthembela Okuhlangenwe Nakho Kwezinzwa: Okuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kwezinzwa kuwumthombo oyisisekelo walo lonke ulwazi. Ulwazi oluyisisekelo luhluke nolwazi oluyisisekelo, oluzimele kokuhlangenwe nakho, njengamaqiniso ezibalo.
2. Ukungenisa ulwazi ngaphezu kokukhipha ulwazi: Ubuqambi bugcizelela ukucabanga okukhuthazayo—ukuthola iziphetho ezijwayelekile kusukela ekubonweni okuthile—ngaphezu kokucabangela okusekelayo. Nakuba ukungenisa ulwazi kuvumela iziphetho ezingaba khona, ukukhipha ulwazi kunikeza isiqiniseko kodwa kudinga ukuthi imibono yaziwe ngokuqiniseka, okuyinto eyinselele ngaphandle kobufakazi obubonakalayo.
3. Ukungalungi Kolwazi: Ulwazi oluyisisekelo lungaba namaphutha ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokulinganiselwa kokuqonda komuntu kanye nethuba lokwenza iphutha ekubukeni nasekuchazeni. Lokhu kungalungi kudinga ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo nokubuyekezwa kwezimvo.
4. Indlela Yesayensi: Indlela yokucwaninga isekela indlela yesayensi, ehilela ukubuka, ukwakheka kwemibono, ukuhlola, kanye nokubuyekeza. Le nqubo yokuphindaphinda ihlose ukwakha ulwazi oluthembekile olusekelwe ezimweni ezibonakalayo.
5. Ukuqinisekiswa Okungokobufakazi: Ukuze isiphakamiso sibe nencazelo noma iqiniso, kumele siqinisekiswe ngokobufakazi. Lesi simiso siyawenqaba ama-metaphysical claims angekho ngaphansi kokuhlolwa ngokobufakazi.
Izincazelo Nezinselele Zanamuhla
Kufilosofi nesayensi yanamuhla, inkolelo-mbono yolwazi eqanjiwe iyaqhubeka nokudlala indima ebalulekile, yize kunezincazelo nezinselele eziyinkimbinkimbi.
I-Logical Positivism, inhlangano yekhulu lama-20 ephefumulelwe yi-empiricalism, yaphakamisa ukuthi izitatimende ezinencazelo ziyiqiniso ngokuhlaziya (ziyiqiniso ngencazelo) noma zingaqinisekiswa ngokwesayensi. Kodwa-ke, le ndlela yokuqinisekisa eqinile yabhekana nokugxekwa ngokuba nemingcele ngokweqile kanye nokuchitha izitatimende ze-metaphysical kanye ne-ethical njengezingenamsebenzi.
I-Pragmatism, ekhuthazwa izazi zefilosofi ezifana noCharles Peirce, uWilliam James, noJohn Dewey, inikeza umbono oguquguqukayo wolwazi olusekelwe ebufakazini. I-Pragmatism ithi iqiniso lenkolelo linqunywa yimiphumela yalo esebenzayo kanye nokusebenziseka kwayo. Le ndlela ivala igebe phakathi kobufakazi obusekelwe ebufakazini kanye nokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo.
I-Phenomenology kanye ne-hermeneutics, ikakhulukazi emisebenzini kaMartin Heidegger noHans-Georg Gadamer, inselele ukugxila kobufakazi ekubukeni okuqondile ngokugcizelela isimo sengqondo, sokuhumusha kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Lezi zindlela ziphikisana ngokuthi ukuqonda kuhlala kuncike kumongo futhi kuthonywa izici zomlando namasiko, okwenza kube nzima ukuthola ulwazi oluqondile olusekelwe kubufakazi.
Inkinga Yokuqanjwa Kwemibono, edume kakhulu nguHume, isalokhu iyinselele eqhubekayo. Ukucabanga okuqanjwayo, nakuba kuyisisekelo solwazi olusekelwe emibonweni, akunakuqinisekisa ukuqiniseka kweziphetho ezithathwe ekubonweni okulinganiselwe. Izimpendulo zanamuhla, njengenqubo kaKarl Popper yokungathembeki, zikhuthaza ukuthi imibono yesayensi iphikiswe kunokuba iqinisekiswe.
Isayensi Yokuqonda Nesayensi Yezinzwa: Intuthuko kule mikhakha iye yaletha izici ezintsha kumbono wokuhlola, ihlola indlela ubuchopho obucubungula ngayo ulwazi lwezinzwa futhi bakhe ulwazi. Ucwaningo ngokubona, inkumbulo, kanye nokucabanga lunikeza ukuqonda ngezisekelo zokuthola ulwazi zokuhlola kodwa futhi lwembula ubunzima kanye nokubandlulula okungenzeka okukhona ekuqondeni komuntu.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori yolwazi eqanjiwe ishintshe kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi sithola kanjani, siqinisekise, futhi sibuyekeze kanjani ulwazi. Kusukela ezimpandeni zalo zomlando kwifilosofi yasendulo kuya ekuchazeni nasekuphonseni izinselelo zanamuhla, ubuqambi bugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwemizwa kanye nokubuka njengesisekelo solwazi.
Nakuba ingekho ngaphandle kwemingcele yayo kanye nokugxekwa kwayo, indlela yokucwaninga isabalulekile ekuphenyweni kwesayensi nasekucabangeni kwansuku zonke. Ihlala ishintsha, ihlanganisa ukuqonda okuvela emikhakheni eyahlukene ukuze ithuthukise ukuqonda kwethu ulwazi ezweni elihlala lishintsha. Ngokwamukela kokubili amandla kanye nokulinganiselwa kwalo, singaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ngesimo sokucwaninga solwazi kanye nendima yalo empilweni yomuntu.
