Ithiyori kaDerrida kanye noKuqedwa kobuCiko
Isingeniso
UJacques Derrida, omunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinethonya elikhulu zekhulu lama-20, wethula umqondo "wokudiliza," igama eliye langena emikhakheni ehlukahlukene njengezincwadi, izilimi, ifilosofi, kanye nezifundo zamasiko. Ukudiliza kuyindlela ebucayi ephathelene nobudlelwano phakathi kwemibhalo nencazelo. Iphonsela inselelo umbono wezakhiwo eziqinile kanye nokuhumusha okuqondile, esikhundleni salokho ikhuthaza ukudlala okungapheli kwezincazelo.
Izimpande Zokubhidliza Ukwakhiwa
Ukuqothula kuthola izimpande zawo enhlanganweni yokwakheka, eyayiphathelene nezakhiwo eziyisisekelo zamasiko nolimi lwabantu. Abakhi bezakhiwo abanjengoFerdinand de Saussure bagcizelele ukubaluleka kwezakhiwo zolimi ekwakheni ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba. Kodwa-ke, uDerrida wayegxeka ukuthambekela kokwakheka kwezakhiwo kokubonisa ukuqina nokuzinza ngaphakathi kwalezi zakhiwo. Waphakamisa ukuqothula njengendlela yokugxeka nokuqeda ukuqina okubonwayo kwezakhiwo.
Izimiso Eziyinhloko Zokubhidliza Ukwakhiwa
Empeleni, ukuchithwa kwesakhiwo kuqhutshwa yizimiso ezimbalwa ezibalulekile:
1. Umbhalo: UDerrida wathi konke kungafundwa njengombhalo, kusukela ezincwadini kuya emikhubeni yomphakathi. Kulo mongo, elithi "umbhalo" alisho nje inkulumo ebhaliwe noma ekhulunywayo kodwa lihlanganisa noma yiluphi uhlelo lwezimpawu nezimpawu.
2. Umehluko: Enye yeminikelo kaDerrida ephawulekayo umqondo “womehluko,” umdlalo wamagama esiFulentshi asho “ukwehluka” kanye “nokungasho lutho.” Wasebenzisa leli gama ukuze abonise ukuthi incazelo ihlala ihlehliswa kanjani olimini futhi ingapheleli noma ikhona ngempela. Umehluko uhlanganisa umqondo wokuthi amagama athola incazelo yawo ngokwahlukana kwawo kwamanye amagama, futhi incazelo ihlala ishintshashintsha.
3. I-Logocentrism kanye ne-Phonocentrism: UDerrida ugxeke amasiko efilosofi aseNtshonalanga ngenxa "ye-logocentrism" yawo, evumela inkulumo kunokubhala njengezindlela zokuxhumana eziqondile neziyiqiniso. Ngokombono wakhe, lokhu kubandlulula akunaki ubunzima kanye nobuqili obukhona emibhalweni ebhaliwe kanye nokungazinzi kwencazelo olimini.
4. Ukuphikisana Okubili: UDerrida waphikisana ngokuthi umcabango waseNtshonalanga uthembele ekuphikisweni okubili, imibhangqwana yemibono ephikisanayo njengokuhle/okubi, inkulumo/ukubhala, kanye nokuba khona/ukungabikho. Ukuchithwa kwemibono kuhlose ukuguqula lawa magama amabili, okubonisa ukuthi igama ngalinye alikwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kokuphikisana kwalo nokuthi alicacile kanjani njengoba kwakukholelwa ngokwesiko.
5. I-Aporia: Ukudilizwa kuvame ukufika ngezikhathi ze-aporia, izimo zokudideka noma ukungabaza okungenakuxazulula. Lezi zikhathi ziqokomisa ukulinganiselwa kanye nokuphikisana kwangaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokucabanga.
Imisebenzi Eyinhloko kaDerrida
Eminye yemisebenzi ebalulekile kaDerrida yakha isisekelo sokuqonda imibono yakhe kanye nemiphumela yayo.
1. "Of Grammatology" (1967): Kulo msebenzi obalulekile, uDerrida uphonsela inselelo ukubaluleka kwendabuko okunikezwa inkulumo kunokubhala futhi uhlola ukuthi imibhalo ebhaliwe ichitha kanjani ukucabanga ngencazelo esheshayo.
2. "Ukubhala Nokwehluka" (1967): Leli qoqo lezindatshana lichaza kabanzi ngemibono ebalulekile ekubhujisweni, lihlola imisebenzi ehlukahlukene yezincwadi nefilosofi.
3. “Imingcele Yefilosofi” (1982): Lapha, uDerrida uhlaziya imingcele noma “imingcele” yomcabango wefilosofi, ehlaziya isisekelo esigxile ku-logo se-metaphysics yaseNtshonalanga.
Ukubhidlizwa Kwezakhiwo Nokugxekwa Kwezincwadi
Ukuhlaziya kube nethonya elikhulu ekugxekweni kwezincwadi, kukhuthaza izazi ukuthi ziphinde zifunde imibhalo ngezindlela eziveza ukungahambisani kwangaphakathi kanye nezindlela eziningi zencazelo. Ukugxeka okuhlaziyayo kuhlose:
1. Veza indlela imibhalo ezichitha ngayo ngokwembula ukuphikisana nokungacaci kahle.
2. Khombisa ukungazinzi kwencazelo kunokwamukela izincazelo eziqondile.
3. Inselele imingcele yendabuko phakathi kombhalo kanye nomongo wawo, izincwadi, kanye nokugxeka.
Isibonelo, ukuhlaziywa okuphazamisayo kwencwadi kaShakespeare ethi “Hamlet” kungase kugxile endleleni ukufundwa okuningi kombhalo okuchitha ngayo ukuhambisana okubonakalayo kwezindikimba nabalingiswa bawo.
Ukubhidliza Ukwakhiwa kanye Nokuhlelwa Kwangemva Kokwakhiwa
Ukuqothulwa kwesakhiwo kuvame ukubhekwa njengento ebalulekile ye-post-structuralism, ukunyakaza okwavela njengokusabela ngokumelene nokufuna kwe-structuralism imithetho yendawo yonke. Ama-post-structuralists, kuhlanganise noDerrida, agcizelela ukuguquguquka kwencazelo kanye nesimo esihambisanayo sokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Baphikisana ngokuthi izakhiwo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zingolimi, amasiko, noma ezenhlalo, aziguquki kodwa zingashintsha futhi zihunyushwe kabusha.
Ukugxekwa Nezimpikiswano
Nakuba ukubhidlizwa kwesakhiwo sikaDerrida kube nethonya elikhulu, kuphinde kwabhekana nokugxekwa okukhulu:
1. Ukufiphala Nokufiphala: Abagxeki bathi ulimi kanye nemibono ye-deconstruction ayicacile futhi ayicacile, okwenza kube nzima ukuyisebenzisa ngokoqobo.
2. Ukuhlobana: Okunye ukusola ukuchithwa kwencazelo ngokuthi kuholela ekuhlobaneni okudlulele, lapho ukuhlehliswa okungapheli kwencazelo kwenza noma yisiphi isitatimende noma umbhalo ekugcineni ungabi nalutho.
3. Imiphumela Yokuziphatha: Abanye bayazibuza ngemiphumela yokuziphatha yokudiliza, bekhathazekile ngokuthi kuphazamisa amathuba okwenza izibopho zokuziphatha noma zezepolitiki eziqinisekile.
Naphezu kwalokhu kugxekwa, izazi eziningi zithi amandla okwakhiwa kabusha asemandleni awo okuvula izindlela ezintsha zokuphenya kanye nokumelana kwawo nokwenza lula izinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukubhidlizwa Kwezakhiwo Ezweni Lanamuhla
Namuhla, ukuchithwa kwezakhiwo kuyaqhubeka nokuthonya imikhakha eyahlukene, kusukela emthethweni kanye nemfundiso yezepolitiki kuya ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo kanye nezifundo zamasiko. Indlela yayo yokuqonda imibhalo nezincazelo isiphonsela inselelo yokucabanga kabusha ngokuqina kanye nokufana kwezinhlelo ezahlukene. Ukugcizelela kukaDerrida esimweni sokuhumusha esiguquguqukayo nesiguquguqukayo kumema abacabangi besimanje ukuthi bahlale beqaphile ngobunzima kanye nokungacaci okukhona kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuxhumana nokuqonda.
Isiphetho
I-Derrida kanye nokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo kushintshe indlela yethu yokuqonda imibhalo, incazelo, kanye nokuhumusha. Ngokuphonsela inselelo imibono yendabuko mayelana nolimi kanye nomcabango, i-Derrida yavula isikhala sokubuza nokungahlali kahle izincazelo eziqinile kanye nokuphikisana okubili. Ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo akukhona ngokubhubhisa izakhiwo kodwa ngokudalula izingqimba zencazelo ezingaphakathi kuzo, okusinxusa ukuba siqaphele isimo sokuqonda esishintshashintshayo nesihlala sishintsha. Ngakho-ke, kuhlala kuyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlaziya nokugxeka emzamweni wethu oqhubekayo wokuqonda umhlaba osizungezile.
