I-Schopenhauer kanye neFilosofi Yentando
U-Arthur Schopenhauer, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane sekhulu le-19, uvame ukudunyiswa ngokuhlola kwakhe okubi nokujulile ngokuphila kwabantu, ukuhlupheka, kanye nomqondo awuveza kakhulu—'intando'. Ifilosofi yakhe iyibhuloho elibalulekile phakathi kombono waseJalimane kanye nenkolelo-mbono yokuphila, ethintana nabacabangi bakamuva futhi ithonya imikhakha eyahlukahlukene okuhlanganisa nesayensi yezengqondo, izincwadi, ngisho nomculo. Lesi sihloko sigxila kwifilosofi kaSchopenhauer yentando, imiphumela yayo, kanye nefa layo elihlala njalo.
Izimpande Zobuhlakani ZikaSchopenhauer
Uhambo lukaSchopenhauer lwefilosofi, owazalwa ngo-1788, lwaqala ngaphansi komthunzi ka-Immanuel Kant, owayenefilosofi egxekayo eyayibuza ngokuyisisekelo uhlobo lokuqonda nolwazi lomuntu. Ngenkathi uKant ethi “into ngokwayo” (Ding an sich) ayinakwaziwa, uSchopenhauer wayefuna ukudlula lo mngcele. Wathonywa futhi yizazi zefilosofi zamaGreki zakudala, imibhalo yefilosofi yamaNdiya njenge-Upanishads, kanye nensimu ekhulayo yesayensi yemilingo.
Incwadi enkulu kaSchopenhauer ethi “The World as Will and Representation” (1818), iveza imfundiso yakhe yefilosofi evuthiwe. KuSchopenhauer, umhlaba uhlukaniswe ngokuyisisekelo waba yizici ezimbili. Okokuqala, umhlaba njengoMmeli (Vorstellung), ohlanganisa konke esikubonayo ngemishini yethu yezinzwa neyengqondo. Okwesibili, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, umhlaba njengoWill (Wille), amandla ayimpumputhe, angapheli, futhi angenangqondo asekela zonke izici zeqiniso.
Umqondo Wentando
Ingqikithi yefilosofi kaSchopenhauer ingumqondo weNtando, amandla angokoqobo afana namandla ashukumisayo aqala yonke imvelo. Ngokungafani nomqondo ohlakaniphile nohlanzekile 'wentando' ngolimi oluvamile, iNtando kaSchopenhauer iyisifiso esijulile nesingokwemvelo. Kuyisifiso esisheshayo, esingalawuleki esibonakala kuzo zonke izinto, kusukela ezinhlotsheni ezilula zokuphila kuya ezifisweni eziphakeme kakhulu zabantu.
Le Thando akufanele ididaniswe nezinhloso noma izifiso zethu eziqondile. Ngempela, uSchopenhauer wayebheka izifiso zomuntu ngamunye njengokubonakaliswa nje kweThando elikhulu. Isibonelo, isifiso sobulili akuyona nje isifiso somuntu ngamunye kodwa ukubonakaliswa kwesifiso sohlobo sokuqhubeka. Intando ihlala ilwela ngaphandle kwemigomo yangempela, okuholela njalo ekufiseni okwengeziwe, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ekuhluphekeni okwengeziwe.
Ukuhlupheka Nesimo Somuntu
Esinye sezinsolo ezibaluleke kakhulu kufilosofi kaSchopenhauer ukuthi impilo ichazwa ngokuyisisekelo ukuhlupheka. Lokhu kugomela kuvela esimweni seNtando, esihlala sifisa futhi ngaleyo ndlela sigwebe abantu emjikelezweni ongapheli wokufisa nokwaneliseka kwesikhashana. Lapho isifiso sigcwaliseka, kuvela esinye—inqubo engapheli egweba abantu esimweni sokunganeliseki okuhlala njalo.
KuSchopenhauer, izikhathi zenjabulo noma zenjabulo ezidlulayo zimane nje ziyizikhefu zesikhashana ezivela egagasini lokuhlupheka elingapheli. Lo mbono wokuphelelwa yithemba umholela ekubeni aphikise ngokuthi okungcono kakhulu umuntu angakulindela yisimo sokuhlupheka okuncane. Uyaqaphela ukuthi impumuzo ethile ingatholakala ngezikhathi lapho ingqondo yomuntu ingalawulwa yiNtando, njengokuzindla ngobuhle noma izenzo zozwela.
Ukuzindla Ngobuciko Nobuhle
Ebalekela ukuhlupheka okungapheli kweNtando, uSchopenhauer ukhomba ubuciko kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle njengokuphumula okubalulekile. Lapho abantu behlanganyela nobuciko beqiniso, badlula izifiso zabo zomuntu siqu kanye nokuphazamiseka kweNtando. Ubuciko buvumela ukumiswa okwesikhashana kwezimfuno zeNtando, bunikeze umbono wohlobo lolwazi oluhlanzekile, olungenasithakazelo. Kulesi simo, ababukeli bangabuqonda ubuhle ngenxa yabo, behlukanisiwe nokuthambekela komuntu siqu kanye nokuhlupheka.
Phakathi kwezobuciko, uSchopenhauer wayehlonipha kakhulu umculo. Wayewubheka njengokubonakaliswa okuqondile kweNtando, ehlanganisa ingqikithi yayo ngokuphelele kunanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lobuciko. Ngokungafani nobuciko obubonakalayo, obunikeza ukumelwa kokubonakaliswa kweNtando, umculo ukhuluma ngolimi lweNtando uqobo, unikeza ukuzwelana okujulile ngokomzwelo ngaphandle komlamuleli womqondo noma isimo.
Ubukhulu Bokuziphatha: Ukuzidela Nozwela
Ngokwezimiso zokuziphatha, uSchopenhauer waphakamisa izimpendulo ezimbili eziyinhloko ezimweni zokuphila ezilawulwa yiNtando: ukuzila ukudla kanye nozwela. Ukuzila ukudla kuhilela ukwenqatshwa kweNtando Yokuphila, ukwenqaba ngamabomu nangokuhlelekile izifiso kanye nokunamathela emhlabeni. Ngokunciphisa izimfuno zeNtando, abantu banganciphisa ukuhlupheka kwabo futhi bafinyelele uhlobo lokuzila ukudla ngokuthula. USchopenhauer wathola ukufana kwale ndlela ezinkolweni zaseMpumalanga ezifana nobuBuddha nobuJainism, kanye nasemasikweni ezindela zaseNtshonalanga.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ububele buvela ekuqapheleni uhlobo olufanayo lokuhlupheka kwabantu. Lapho abantu beqonda ukuthi abanye nabo bayizibonakaliso zentando efanayo eyisisekelo, kuvela ukuziphatha kwangempela kokuziphatha. Izenzo zomusa nesihawu zakha ukuphikisana okuyisisekelo nokulwela ubugovu okuqhutshwa yintando. Izenzo zesihawu zigcizelela ubunye obujulile obudlula intando yomuntu ngamunye, okwakha isibopho esinciphisa ukuhlupheka okusakazekile kokuphila.
Ifa kanye Nethonya
Ifilosofi kaSchopenhauer ibe nomthelela omkhulu nohlukahlukene. Ngaphakathi kwefilosofi, angabonakala njengomsunguli we-existentialism, ethonya abantu abanjengoFriedrich Nietzsche, abamukela futhi bagxeka kakhulu imibono kaSchopenhauer. Imicabango yakhe ngokuhlupheka kanye nesimo senjabulo esidlulayo ihambisana kakhulu nokukhathazeka kwe-existentialism mayelana nobuqiniso, inkululeko, kanye nencazelo.
Emkhakheni wezokusebenza kwengqondo, uSigmund Freud wavuma ukuqonda okubukhali kukaSchopenhauer ngezakhi ezingenangqondo zokuziphatha komuntu, okwakufanekisela imibono yokuhlaziya ingqondo yabantu abangazi lutho. Umbono kaSchopenhauer wokuthi isenzo esiningi sabantu siqhutshwa amandla angenangqondo uthola ukufana okucacile emibonweni kaFreud yokushayela kanye nokucindezelwa.
Abaculi, abaculi, nababhali nabo bathole ugqozi kuSchopenhauer. Umqambi uRichard Wagner wathola ukuzwakala kwemibono kaSchopenhauer ngomculo futhi wakufaka lokhu emisebenzini yakhe ye-opera. Ababhali abanjengoThomas Mann noMarcel Proust bahlonipha ukuzindla okujulile kukaSchopenhauer ngesimo somuntu nokuhlupheka.
Isiphetho
Ifilosofi ka-Arthur Schopenhauer ye-Will isalokhu ingumnikelo othakazelisayo noyinselele emcabangweni wefilosofi. Ukugxila kwakhe okuqhubekayo esimweni sokuphila esingenangqondo nesigcwele ukuhlupheka kuqhathaniswa kakhulu namasiko aseNtshonalanga anethemba elikhulu. Kodwa-ke, ngokuqaphela ithonya elisakazekile le-Will engapheli, uphinde avule izindlela zokuqonda ukujula kobuciko, isidingo sobubele, kanye nethuba lokuhlukana okunokuthula. Ngakho-ke, uSchopenhauer ungumuntu obalulekile emzamweni oqhubekayo wokuqonda ubunzima bokuba khona kwabantu.
