Ithonya Lefilosofi YamaGreki Asendulo
Ifilosofi yasendulo yamaGreki, esukela ngekhulu lesi-6 BCE kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-Antiquity, imelela isisekelo samasiko obuhlakani aseNtshonalanga. Ithonya layo ligcwele ezindaweni ezahlukene njengezombusazwe, ukuziphatha, i-metaphysics, i-epistemology, ubuhle, kanye nesayensi, ihlinzeka ngezinhlelo eziphelele zokucabanga eziqhubeka nokwazisa ingxoxo yanamuhla. Lesi sihloko sigxila emthonjeni ojulile wefilosofi yasendulo yamaGreki empucukweni yanamuhla, ngokugqamisa abantu ababalulekile kanye nezikole zokucabanga.
Ama-Pre-Socratics: Ukubeka Isiteji
Ifilosofi yamaGreki yaqala ngama-Pre-Socrates, izazi zefilosofi ngaphambi kukaSocrates ezazihlola indawo yonke kanye nokuba khona kwabantu zisebenzisa ingqondo kunezinganekwane. UThales waseMiletus, ovame ukubhekwa njengesazi sefilosofi sokuqala, wathi amanzi ayisisekelo somhlaba. Abamlandelayo—u-Anaximander, owasungula umqondo “we-apeiron” (ongenamkhawulo), noHeraclitus, owagcizelela ushintsho oluqhubekayo ngemfundiso yakhe “yokuguquguquka”—babeka isisekelo sokuphenya ngokuhlelekile ngesimo seqiniso.
UPythagoras waseSamos, omunye owayengaphambi kweSocrates, wasungula ifa elibalulekile ngokuxhumanisa ifilosofi nezibalo. Ukukholelwa kwakhe ekuvumelaneni kwezinombolo kwathonya intuthuko yokucabanga kwezibalo nesayensi, ithonya elalizwakala kahle emikhakheni ehlukahlukene kusukela ku-geometry kuya ku-theory yomculo.
USocrates: Ukuziphatha kanye ne-Epistemology
Ifilosofi kaSocrates, eyaziwa kakhulu ngezingxoxo zomfundi wakhe uPlato, ishintsha ukugxila kusuka endaweni yonke kuya ekubeni khona komuntu. Ebeka uphenyo lokuziphatha phambili, uSocrates wethula indlela ye-elenchus (ukubuza imibuzo ngoSocrates), uhlobo lwengxoxo yokubambisana yokukhuthaza ukucabanga okubucayi nokukhanyisa imibono.
Ukugcizelela kukaSocrates ekuphenyweni kokuziphatha ngaphezu kokuqagela kwezinto eziphilayo akuthonyanga nje kuphela abantu abaseduze naye kodwa futhi kwabeka ithonya lemizamo yefilosofi eyalandela. Isisho sakhe esidumile, esithi "Impilo engahlolwanga ayifanele ukuphila," sigcizelela ukubaluleka kokuzicabangela kanye nobuqotho bomuntu siqu.
UPlato: Umklami we-Idealism
UPlato, umfundi kaSocrates, wandisa futhi wahlela imibono yothisha wakhe, wakha izimfundiso ezijulile ezinethonya elihlala njalo. Inkolelo-mbono yakhe yamaFomu ithi izinhlobo ezingabonakali (noma imibono) ezingezona izinto ezibonakalayo zimelela iqiniso elinembile kakhulu. Lolu hlaka lwe-ontological kanye ne-epistemological lusikisela ukuthi umhlaba obonakalayo umane nje uyisithunzi sezwe langempela, eliphakeme lamaFomu.
Incwadi ethi i-Plato's Republic, ewumsebenzi obalulekile kwifilosofi yezepolitiki, iphikisana nomphakathi onobulungiswa obuswa amakhosi efilosofi. Umbono wakhe wombuso ofanele, okhuthaza indima yokucabanga nokuhlakanipha ekubuseni, uphefumulele imibono eminingi yezepolitiki, okuhlanganisa nezici zentando yeningi yanamuhla kanye nokubusa okuhleliwe.
U-Aristotle: U-Empiricist kanye noMhleli Wezinhlelo
U-Aristotle, umfundi kaPlato, wahluka kuthisha wakhe ngokugcizelela ukuqaphela okubonakalayo kanye nokuhlukanisa ulwazi ngezigaba. Wenza iminikelo emikhulu emikhakheni eminingi: ukucabanga, i-metaphysics, ukuziphatha, ezombusazwe, inkulumo-ze, kanye nesayensi yemvelo.
Incwadi ka-Aristotle ethi Nicomachean Ethics yethula umqondo we-eudaimonia (ukuchuma komuntu), ithi ubuhle busesilinganisweni segolide phakathi kokuntuleka nokweqisa. Indlela yakhe esebenzayo yokuziphatha, egxile ekuthuthukisweni kobuntu kanye nesenzo esinengqondo, iyaqhubeka nokuba nethonya kwifilosofi yokuziphatha yanamuhla.
Ifilosofi YamaGreki: Ukwanda Nokuhlukahluka
Ngemva kuka-Aristotle, kwavela amafilosofi obuGreki, okuhlanganisa ubuStoic, ubuEpicurean, kanye nobuSkepticism, ngalinye linikeza izindlela ezihlukile zokuphila nolwazi. UbuStoic, obasungulwa nguZeno waseCitium, bufundisa ukuthuthukiswa kokuzithiba kanye namandla okunqoba imizwa ebhubhisayo. Egcizelela ukuhleleka okunengqondo kwemvelo, ubuStoic baba nethonya elikhulu emcabangweni wamaRoma kanye nefilosofi yamaKristu okuqala.
I-Epicureanism, eyasungulwa yi-Epicurus, ikhuthaza ukuphishekela injabulo ngokulinganisela izifiso kanye nokuhlakulela ubungane. Ngokuphambene nokuchazwa kabi kwe-hedonistic, izimiso zokuziphatha zama-Epicurean zigcizelela ukuthula kwengqondo (ataraxia) kanye nokungabikho kobuhlungu (aponia) njengendlela eya empilweni egculisayo.
Ukungabaza, njengoba kwachazwa nguPyrrho kanye noSextus Empiricus kamuva, kuyabuza ukuthi kungenzeka yini ulwazi oluthile. Ngokumisa isahlulelo (isikhathi), amaSkeptics ahlose ukufeza ukuthula ngokuqaphela imikhawulo yokuqonda komuntu. Lesi simo sathonya izindlela zakamuva zokuhlola kanye nezesayensi, sigcizelela ukuhlolwa okubucayi kanye nohlobo lwesikhashana lolwazi.
Ifa kanye Nethonya Lanamuhla
Ifa lefilosofi yasendulo yamaGreki likhulu futhi lihlala njalo. ENkathini Ephakathi, ukutholwa kabusha kwemibhalo yamaGreki ngokusebenzisa izazi zamaSulumane nezaseYurophu kamuva kwavuselela impilo yengqondo, okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwefilosofi yezemfundo. Isibonelo, uThomas Aquinas, wahlanganisa ukucabanga kuka-Aristotle kanye ne-metaphysics enkolweni yobuKristu, wabumba umcabango wasendulo ngokujulile.
NgeNkathi Yokuvuselelwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo, abantu abasekela ubandlululo bavuselela imibono kaPlato kanye neka-Aristotle, bakhuthaza intuthuko kwezobuciko, isayensi kanye nezombusazwe. Abacabangi Bokukhanyiselwa, abathonywe kakhulu yifilosofi yamaGreki yokuqonda kanye neyokuziphatha, balwela ukucabanga, amalungelo omuntu ngamunye, kanye nezimiso zentando yeningi, bakha imiphakathi yanamuhla yaseNtshonalanga.
Ifilosofi yanamuhla iyaqhubeka nokuzibandakanya nemibono yamaGreki. I-positivism enengqondo, i-empiricism yesayensi, kanye nefilosofi yokuhlaziya kubonisa ithonya lika-Aristotle, kuyilapho i-existentialism kanye ne-phenomenology ziphinda zibukeze izingqikithi zeSocrates namaStoic. Imibono yezombusazwe, kusukela ku-liberalism kuya ku-communitarianism, ihlanganyela nemibono kaPlatonic kanye ne-Aristotle ngobulungiswa kanye nokuphila okuhle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zefilosofi zamaGreki—ingxoxo ebucayi, ukucabanga okuhlelekile, kanye nophenyo olusekelwe ebufakazini—zihlala ziyisisekelo sophenyo lwezemfundo kanye nentuthuko yobuhlakani. Izikhungo ezifana ne-Academy kanye ne-Lyceum, ezasungulwa nguPlato no-Aristotle ngokulandelana, zisebenza njengezibonelo zamanyuvesi anamuhla, zikhuthaza izindawo zokuhlola ubuhlakani kanye nempikiswano.
Isiphetho
Ifilosofi yasendulo yamaGreki, kanye nophenyo lwayo oluqinile ngesimo seqiniso, ulwazi, kanye nokuphila okuhle, iye yabumba impucuko yaseNtshonalanga ngokuyisisekelo. Ithonya layo elihlala njalo emikhakheni eminingi ligcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda kwayo ekuphenduleni imibuzo yanamuhla. Ngokuzibandakanya namasiko efilosofi yamaGreki, siyaqhubeka nokuxazulula ubunzima bokuba khona kwabantu, siqondiswa ukuphishekela ukuhlakanipha okwakhuthaza imicabango yasendulo.
