Ukuhlaziywa Kwezinto Ezibonakalayo Kuka-Edmund Husserl: Ukucwila Okujulile Ezweni Lokuphila
U-Edmund Husserl, ovame ukubhekwa njengoyise we-phenomenology, wathonya kakhulu ifilosofi yanamuhla, i-psychology, kanye nesayensi yabantu ngendlela yakhe eqinile yokuqonda ingqikithi yesipiliyoni. Umsebenzi wakhe ugxila ezakhiweni zokuqonda, ehlose ukwembula izakhi eziyisisekelo zendlela esibona futhi sihlala ngayo emhlabeni. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukucacisa ukuhlaziywa kwe-phenomenological kukaHusserl, sibambe ingqikithi yayo, izindlela, kanye nemiphumela yefilosofi.
Izisekelo zePhenomenology
I-Phenomenology, eyinhloko yayo, iwukufunda izakhiwo zokuqwashisa njengoba okuhlangenwe nakho ngokombono womuntu wokuqala. Ugqozi lukaHusserl luvela esifisweni sokudala isayensi eqinile yefilosofi, engenazo iziphakamiso futhi esekelwe ebufakazini obunembile. Ethonywe yimisebenzi yangaphambilini yezazi zefilosofi ezifana noFranz Brentano, uHusserl wayefuna ukwenza ifilosofi ibe yinto echazayo, lapho izimo zihlaziywa khona njengoba zibonakala ekuqwashiseni.
UHusserl wethula igama elithi “phenomenology” emsebenzini wakhe wokuqala, i-“Logical Investigations” (1900-1901), lapho agxeka khona i-psychology—umqondo wokuthi izimiso ezinengqondo zithathwe emithethweni yezengqondo. Waphikisana nomehluko ocacile phakathi kwesenzo somcabango nokuqukethwe komcabango, wabeka isisekelo sendlela yakhe ye-phenomenological.
Isikhathi Nokunciphisa
Okubalulekile ku-phenomenology kaHusserl umqondo "wesikhathi" noma ukunciphisa i-phenomenological. Le ndlela idinga ukumiswa kwezigwebo mayelana nomhlaba wemvelo ukuze kuhlolwe izenzakalo ezimsulwa zokuhlangenwe nakho. "Ngokubeka eceleni" noma ukubeka eceleni izinkolelo zethu ezicatshangelwe kusengaphambili kanye nezimo zengqondo zemvelo, umuntu angagxila ekuqondeni okuhlosiwe kokuqaphela—indlela okuziqondisa ngayo ezintweni.
Ukunciphisa izinto ezingokoqobo kuvumela umuntu ukuthi afinyelele “ezweni lokuphila” (Lebenswelt), indawo yangaphambi kwemfundiso yesipiliyoni esiphilayo. KuHusserl, izwe lokuphila liyisisekelo sayo yonke incazelo kanye nemizamo yesayensi. Liyizwe elinolwazi empilweni yansuku zonke, ngaphambi kokucashunwa komqondo noma kwesayensi. Ngokunciphisa, i-phenomenology ihlose ukufinyelela kulesi sisekelo sesipiliyoni ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka okwethulwa yizinto ezisekelwe emibonweni.
Inhloso kanye noNoema
Isisekelo sokuhlaziywa kukaHusserl umqondo wenhloso, ozuzwe kuBrentano, oveza ukuthi ukuqonda kuhlale kumayelana nokuthile; kuqondiswe entweni ethile. Inhloso yembula ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho akuyona ukwamukela izinto ezishukumisayo kodwa inqubo esebenzayo lapho ukuqonda kufinyelela khona ezintweni zakho.
Ohlakeni lukaHusserl, konke okuhlangenwe nakho okuhlosiwe kuqukethe i-noesis (isenzo sokuqaphela) kanye ne-noema (into njengoba ihlosiwe). Lesi sakhiwo esikabili siqokomisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwezenzo ezizimele kanye nezinto zazo ezihlosiwe. I-noema ayifani nento yangempela kodwa imelela into njengoba ihlosiwe noma ihlosiwe engqondweni. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwe-phenomenological kuhilela ukuchaza lezi zakhiwo ezihlosiwe ukuze kwembulwe umongo wokuhlangenwe nakho.
Ukuqonda Okubalulekile Okuvela Ekuhlaziyweni Kwezinto Ezibonakalayo
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu kaHusserl ngokuhlaziywa kwezehlakalo umqondo “wezinto eziyisisekelo” (eide). Ngendlela ebizwa ngokuthi “ukunciphisa izinto eziyisisekelo,” uHusserl wayefuna ukuhlonza izakhiwo noma izinto eziyisisekelo sokuhlangenwe nakho okuthile. Le ndlela ihilela ukushintshashintsha izici zento ethile ukuze kutholakale izici ezingaguquki, ngaleyo ndlela kwembulwe isakhiwo sayo esibalulekile.
Isibonelo, cabanga ngokuhlangenwe nakho kokubona umuthi. Ngokushintshashintsha izici (isib., izinhlobo ezahlukene zezihlahla, izimo zokubuka), ukuhlaziywa kwezehlakalo kuhlose ukwembula izici ezibalulekile ezakha ulwazi "lokuba yisigqi sesihlahla." Lokhu kuqhubekela phambili ekuqondeni okubangelwa yizinto eziyingozi kusho ukuzibophezela kukaHusserl ekutholeni izakhiwo zokuqala zokuqonda ezisebenza emhlabeni wonke.
Okunye ukuqonda okubalulekile umqondo "womkhathizwe." Yonke into eyenzekile inesizinda somongo, noma umkhathizwe, ozungeza futhi unikeze incazelo into egxile kuyo. Umkhathizwe uhlanganisa amathuba okuhlangenwe nakho okwengeziwe kanye nokuqagela okungahlolwanga. Ngokuhlola umkhathizwe, i-phenomenology yembula izakhiwo ezingabonakali ezihlela ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba.
Imiphumela Emikhakheni Ehlukahlukene
I-phenomenology kaHusserl inemiphumela ebanzi emikhakheni eminingi. Ku-psychology, yaphefumulela ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuphila kanye nezobuntu, igcizelela izici ezizimele neziphilayo zokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Abantu abanjengoKarl Jaspers, u-Erwin Straus, noMaurice Merleau-Ponty bandisa le mibono, bagxila esimweni sokuphila komuntu esibonakalayo nesisesimeni.
Ku-sociology, i-phenomenological sociology ka-Alfred Schutz ihlola ukuthi iqiniso lezenhlalo lakhiwa kanjani ngezincazelo kanye nokusebenzisana okwabiwe. USchutz wasebenzisa imiqondo kaHusserl ukuqonda umhlaba ohlanganisa imicabango yabantu, egcizelela indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo nomhlaba wezenhlalo ngokusebenzisa izinhlobo kanye nolwazi oluningi.
Kwifilosofi, umthelela kaHusserl ubonakala kakhulu emasikweni e-existentialist kanye ne-hermeneutic. UMartin Heidegger, umfundi kaHusserl, wandisa i-phenomenology ukuze ifake ukukhathazeka nge-existential, ehlola imibono yokuba khona, isikhathi, kanye nobuqiniso. UJean-Paul Sartre noMaurice Merleau-Ponty bahlanganisa i-phenomenology ne-existentialism, begcizelela inkululeko, ukubonakaliswa, kanye nobukhulu bokucabanga kwangaphambili kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Izinselelo Nokugxeka
Naphezu kwethonya layo elijulile, i-phenomenology kaHusserl ibhekene nokugxekwa okuningana. Abagxeki bathi ukunciphisa i-phenomenological kunzima, noma akunakwenzeka, ukukufeza ngokugcwele, njengoba ukumisa zonke izibikezelo kuwumsebenzi oyinselele ngokwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okunye ukugxekwa kwemikhuba engabonakali kanye neyombono emsebenzini kaHusserl wakamuva, kusikisela ukuhlukana namaqiniso omlando kanye nomphakathi aqondile.
Impendulo kaHusserl kulokho kugxekwa yavela, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini wakhe wakamuva, othi “The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology” (1936). Lapha, waqaphela isidingo sokuchaza izici zomlando kanye nezenhlalo namasiko omhlaba wokuphila. Lokhu kuphendukela ekuqondeni okugxile kakhulu kwe-phenomenology kwabhekana nokugxekwa okuningana ngenkathi kuvulwa izindlela ezintsha zokuhlola.
Isiphetho
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-phenomenological kuka-Edmund Husserl kunikeza indlela ejulile yokuhlola izakhiwo zokuqonda kanye nomhlaba wokuphila. Ngemiqondo efana nenhloso, isikhathi, kanye nengqikithi, uHusserl wahlela indlela eqinile yokwembula izisekelo zokuhlangenwe nakho. Umsebenzi wakhe ukhuluma ngezindlela eziningi, uthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu ubukhona bomuntu kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kokuqonda nomhlaba. Naphezu kwezinselele kanye nokugxekwa, i-phenomenology kaHusserl isalokhu iyitshe lesisekelo lomcabango wanamuhla, imema ukuzindla okuqhubekayo kanye nokusetshenziswa.
Ngokuzibandakanya ngokujulile ne-phenomenology kaHusserl, siqala uhambo lokuqonda umongo weqiniso lethu eliphilayo, sihlola ukuthi sibona kanjani, sakha kanjani futhi sihlala kanjani emhlabeni.
