Uma ubheka izintambo zikagesi eduze, uzobona ukuthi zigobile phansi ngenxa yokuxega. Kungani izintambo zikagesi zikhululwa ngamabomu, kunokuba zimane zicindezelwe? Uphahla oluningi eFlores naseLembata, e-East Nusa Tenggara, lwenziwe nge-zinc (Zn). Emini noma ebusuku, uphahla lwe-zinc lwenza umsindo. Kungani i-zinc yenza umsindo? Uma uhlala esiqhingini saseJava, kungenzeka ukuthi uke wabona imizila yesitimela. Kunezikhala ezingosini zesitimela. Uyini umsebenzi walezi zikhala ezingosini zesitimela? Kunezinto eziningi ongacabanga ngazo futhi uzibuze ngazo ezihlobene nesihloko sokwandiswa.
Ukwandiswa kobude
Izinto eziningi eziqinile zikhula ngomugqa lapho izinga lokushisa lazo lishintsha. Lokhu kubhekisela ekwandeni noma ekwehleni kobude. Ngokuvamile, ubude bento buyanda njengoba izinga lokushisa layo likhuphuka, kuyilapho ubude bayo buncipha njengoba izinga lokushisa layo lincipha. Ungase ucabange ukuthi ukwanda ngomugqa kwenzeka kuphela ezintweni ezifana nezintambo ezincane. Isibonelo, cabanga ngemoto epakwe eceleni komgwaqo evezwe elangeni. Lapho imoto ishisa kakhulu, ipuleti lensimbi lingajiya noma ubude bezinhlangothi zayo bungakhula. Uphahla lwezinki lungaphinde lubone ukwanda ngomugqa. Kulokhu, lapho i-zinc ishisa kakhulu, imiphetho ye-zinc iyakhula futhi i-zinc nayo ingaba nkulu. Kwenzeka into efanayo emizileni yesitimela kanye namabhuloho ensimbi noma ensimbi.
Iningi lezinto eziqinile liyakhula noma linciphe lapho izinga lokushisa lazo lishintsha, ngakho-ke sidinga ukuqonda ukuthi izinguquko zokushisa zithinta kanjani ukwanda kwezinto eziqinile. Lokhu kuyasiza kakhulu lapho kuklanywa imishini, izakhiwo, izimoto, njll. Isibonelo, izikhala emizileni yesitimela. Imizila yesitimela yenziwe ngensimbi. Onjiniyela babale ububanzi bezikhala phakathi kwesitimela ngasinye. Ngosuku olushisayo, imisele izokhula ngamasentimitha amaningana. Lapho isitimela sidlula phezu kwazo, izinga lokushisa lemisele nalo liyakhula, okubangela ukuthi imisele ikhule ngamasentimitha amangaki. Ngobusuku obubandayo, imisele incipha ngamasentimitha amangaki. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni, onjiniyela balinganisa ibanga phakathi kwezikhala zesitimela ukuze lapho izinga lokushisa lesitimela likhuphuka, imisele ingathintani futhi igobe.
Ukuze sisize ekutholeni ifomula echaza ubudlelwano phakathi kokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa kanye nenani lokwanda okuqondile, cabanga ngento eqinile enwetshwayo, njengoba kuboniswe esithombeni ngakwesokudla.o = izinga lokushisa lokuqala, T = izinga lokushisa lokugcina, Lo = ubude bokuqala, L = ubude ngemva kokunwetshwa, i-delta L = ushintsho lobude, i-delta T = ushintsho lokushisa.
Uma izinga lokushisa lento = Ku- o (into isabanda), ubude bento = L o . Uma izinga lokushisa lento = T (izinga lokushisa lento liyanda), ubude bento = L. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokubuka nokuhlola, ushintsho kubude bento luhambisana noshintsho lokushisa. Uma izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ubude bento buyanda. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho izinga lokushisa lehla, ubude bento buyancipha. Ushintsho kubude bento luhambisana nobude bokuqala bento (L o ). Uma ubukhulu boshintsho lokushisa bufana, into enobude bamamitha ayi-10, isibonelo, izokhula ngobude ngo-2x uma kuqhathaniswa nento enobude bamamitha ama-5 kuphela. Ngakho-ke uma into ide, kulapho ukwanda kwento kukhulu khona.
Ushintsho kubude bento (i-delta L) luhambisana noshintsho lokushisa (i-delta T):
Ushintsho lobude bento (i-delta L) luhambisana nobude bokuqala bento (L)o):
Ukushintsha kobude bento ngayinye kuhlukile. Noma inkulu izinguquko zokushisa Ngokufanayo, ukwanda okubonwa yinsimbi akufani nalokho okubonwa yingilazi. Kunjalo nakwezinye izinto. Ngakho-ke, ukwanda okuqondile kuncike ku-coefficient yokunwetshwa okuqondile kwento ngayinye. I-coefficient yokunwetshwa okuqondile kwento ngayinye itholakala ngokuhlola. Uma i-coefficient yokunwetshwa okuqondile inkulu, kulapho kukhula khona ubude. Uma i-coefficient yokunwetshwa okuqondile incane, kulapho kukhula khona ubude. Kungashiwo ukuthi ushintsho kubude bento luhambisana ne-coefficient yokunwetshwa okuqondile.
Ukuqhathanisa okuthathu okungenhla kuvezwa ku-equation:
Ubude obuphelele bento ngemva kokuzwa ukwanda noma ukufinyela bungatholakala ngokuhlanganisa ubude bokuqala bento (Lo) kanye nezinguquko kubude bento (i-delta L).
Uma izinga lokushisa lishintsha (TT)o) kuyinto engemihle, bese kuba ushintsho lobude (LL)o) nayo i-negative. Kulokhu, ubude bento buyancipha. Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma izinga lokushisa lishintsha (TT)o) kuyinto enhle, bese kuba noshintsho lobude (LL)o) nakho kuhle. Kulokhu into iyanda ngobude.
Okulandelayo yi-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile kwezinto eziqinile ekushiseni okungu-20 ° C. Uketshezi namagesi kushintsha isimo, okuvimbela ukuthi zingabi nokwanda okuqondile. I-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile kwezinto eziqinile nayo incike ekushiseni. Emazingeni okushisa ahlukene, i-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile kwezinto eziqinile nayo iyahlukahluka. Uma umehluko wokushisa ungemkhulu kakhulu, umehluko ku-coefficient yokwanda okuqondile ngeke ube mkhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke unganganakwa.
Ukwandiswa kwevolumu
Ukwandiswa kobude kutholakala kuphela ezintweni eziqinile, ukwandiswa komthamo kutholakala kuzo zonke izinto, kungaba okuqinile, okuwuketshezi noma igesi. Isibalo sokwandiswa komthamo sifana nesibalo sokwandiswa kobude.
Isibalo sokwandisa ivolumu esingenhla sisebenza kuphela uma ushintsho kuvolumu yento (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iqinile, iwuketshezi, noma igesi) luncane kunomthamo wokuqala wento. Uma ushintsho kuvolumu yento lukhulu kunomthamo wokuqala wento, isibalo sokwandisa ivolumu asinikezi imiphumela enembile. Ngokuvamile ushintsho lwevolumu olutholwa izinto eziqinile alukhulu kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani le-volume coefficient loketshezi namagesi likhulu impela. I-volume coefficient yamagesi nayo ishintsha kalula ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa. Ngakho-ke, ifomula engenhla isetshenziselwa kuphela ukwandiswa kwezinto eziqinile. Ifomula yokunquma ushintsho kuvolumu yegesi izofundwa esihlokweni se-kinetic theory yamagesi ebangeni le-11.
