I-Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
Ama-Diode Akhipha Ukukhanya (ama-LED) angenye yezinto ezintsha ezibaluleke kakhulu nezinethonya kubuchwepheshe bokukhanyisa besimanje. Ama-LED amelela inhlanganisela ephelele yokonga amandla, amandla, ukuqina, kanye nokuguquguquka, okwenza abe ukukhetha okuhamba phambili ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo, kusukela kumadivayisi kagesi kuya ekukhanyeni okuvamile. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngomlando, izimiso zokusebenza, izinhlelo zokusebenza, kanye nezinzuzo zobuchwepheshe be-LED.
Umlando Omfushane Wama-LED
Ama-LED aqala ukwakhiwa ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Ngo-1907, usosayensi waseBrithani u-H.J. Round wathola ukuthi izinto ezithile zingakhipha ukukhanya lapho ugesi udlula kuwo. Lokhu kutholwa kwabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa kwesikhathi esizayo kwama-LED, yize ngaleso sikhathi ayengakhiqiza ukukhanya okubuthakathaka kakhulu futhi engenazo izinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzayo.
Ngo-1962, uNick Holonyak Jr., umcwaningi kwaGeneral Electric, waphumelela ukudala i-LED yokuqala eyakhiqiza ukukhanya okubomvu. Lokhu kutholwa kwaphawula ingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni wokukhanyisa futhi kwavula indlela yokuthuthukiswa kwama-LED ngeminye imibala kamuva. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1960 nasekuqaleni kwawo-1970, ama-LED aqala ukukhiqizwa kwezentengiselwano ukuze kusetshenziswe izinkomba ze-elekthronikhi kanye nezibonisi.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-LED e-RGB (obomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, nohlaza okwesibhakabhaka) ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990 kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukudala imibala ehlukahlukene yokukhanya ngokuhlanganisa la ma-LED amathathu. Ngawo-2000, ama-LED amhlophe asebenza kahle futhi akhanyayo atholakala, avula amathuba amasha ekukhanyeni okuvamile.
Isimiso Sokusebenza se-LED
I-LED iyi-semiconductor ekhipha ukukhanya lapho ugesi ugeleza kuyo. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-electroluminescence. Isakhiwo esiyisisekelo se-LED siqukethe izendlalelo ezimbili zezinto ze-semiconductor: isendlalelo se-p-type (positive) kanye nesendlalelo se-n-type (negative). Uma lezi zendlalelo ezimbili zihlanganiswa, zakha i-p-n junction.
Uma i-voltage isetshenziswa ku-LED, ama-electron avela kungqimba lohlobo lwe-n kanye nezimbobo (umqondo ongokoqobo omelela izikhala zama-electron) avela kungqimba lohlobo lwe-p ayasakazeka ngaphesheya kwe-p-n junction. Lapho ama-electron ehlangana nezimbobo, amandla akhishwa ngesimo sama-photon (izinhlayiya zokukhanya), okwenza i-LED ikhiphe ukukhanya. Umbala wokukhanya okukhiqizwayo unqunywa yizinto ze-semiconductor ezisetshenzisiwe.
Izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-LED
Ama-LED ashintshe ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene kanye nemikhakha yezimboni ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo. Nazi ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko zokusebenzisa ama-LED empilweni yansuku zonke:
1. Ukukhanyisa
Ukukhanyisa kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokusebenzisa ama-LED namuhla. Ama-LED asetshenziswa ekukhanyiseni kwasekhaya, ekukhanyiseni emgwaqweni, ekukhanyiseni kwezakhiwo, nasekukhanyiseni kwengadi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezibani ze-incandescent kanye ne-fluorescent, ama-LED asebenzisa amandla kahle, ahlala isikhathi eside, futhi anobungani nemvelo ngoba awaqukethe i-mercury.
2. Izinto zikagesi zabathengi
Ama-LED asetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene ze-elekthronikhi zabathengi, njengezikrini zethelevishini, ama-monitor ekhompyutha, ama-smartphone, namathebulethi. Ama-LED avumela izikrini ezinekhwalithi yesithombe enhle kakhulu, ukukhanya okuphezulu, kanye nokusebenzisa amandla aphansi. Ubuchwepheshe bokubonisa be-OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) buvumela ngisho nezikrini ezincane kakhulu neziguquguqukayo.
3. Izinkomba kanye Nokubonisa
Ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwama-LED kwakuyizinkomba kumadivayisi kagesi, njengamawashi edijithali kanye nama-calculator. Kuze kube namuhla, ama-LED ahlala eyisinqumo esiyinhloko sezinkomba zesimo kumadivayisi ahlukahlukene kagesi ngenxa yokusebenzisa kwawo amandla aphansi kanye nokubonakala okuhle.
4. Izimoto
Embonini yezimoto, ama-LED asetshenziswa ezibanini zangaphambili, ezibani zangemuva, ezibanini zokujika, nasezindaweni zangaphakathi zezimoto. Ama-LED asebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ahlala isikhathi eside kunamabhabhu endabuko akhanyisayo, ahlinzeka ngokukhanya okusheshayo nokukhanyayo, okubalulekile ekuphepheni kwezimoto.
5. Ezempilo Nezokwelapha
Ama-LED asetshenziswa kumadivayisi ezokwelapha, njengamadivayisi okwelapha ngokukhanya, amathuluzi okuhlinza, kanye namadivayisi okuxilonga. Izakhiwo zawo zokukhiqiza ukushisa okuphansi ziwenza afaneleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha lapho ukunemba nokuphepha kubalulekile khona.
6. Ukulima Okuqondile kanye ne-Hydroponics
Umkhakha wezolimo uphinde usebenzise ama-LED ukuhlinzeka ngokukhanya okwenziwayo kwezitshalo ezinhlelweni zokulima eziqondile kanye nezinhlelo ze-hydroponic. Ngokulawula ukukhanya okukhishwe, ama-LED asiza ekwandiseni ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthesis futhi asheshise ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Izinzuzo ze-LED
Ubuchwepheshe be-LED bunikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezenza kube ukukhetha okuhamba phambili ezinhlelweni eziningi ezahlukene. Nazi ezinye zezinzuzo ezibalulekile zama-LED:
1. Ukuphumelela Kwamandla
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe be-LED ukusebenzisa kahle amandla. Ama-LED aguqula amandla kagesi abe ukukhanya ngokusebenza kahle kakhulu, okunciphisa ukumosheka kwamandla ngendlela yokushisa. Izibani ze-LED zingonga amandla afinyelela ku-80% uma kuqhathaniswa nama-bulb akhanyisayo.
2. Ubude besikhathi eside
Ama-LED aphila isikhathi eside kakhulu sokusebenza, ngokuvamile afinyelela emahoreni angu-20.000 kuya ku-50.000, isikhathi eside kakhulu kunamabhabhu akhanyisayo (cishe amahora ayi-1.000) kanye namabhabhu akhanyisayo (cishe amahora angu-8.000). Lokhu kuphila isikhathi eside kunciphisa isidingo sokushintsha izibani njalo, okuzuzisa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiselwano kanye nezimboni.
3. Ukuqina kanye namandla
Ama-LED awanazo izintambo noma ingilazi ezibuthakathaka njengezibani ze-incandescent, okwenza amelane kakhulu nokushaqeka nokudlidliza. Isakhiwo sawo esiqinile siwenza aqine kakhudlwana futhi akwazi ukumelana nezimo zemvelo ezinzima.
4. Ayinandaba nemvelo
Ama-LED awaqukethe izibani ze-mercury ezifana ne-fluorescent, ezingaba yingozi emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu. Ukusebenza kahle kwawo kwamandla kunciphisa nokukhishwa kwe-CO2, okwenza kube yindlela yokukhanyisa eluhlaza.
5. Umklamo Oguquguqukayo
Ama-LED aguquguquka kakhulu ngokwedizayini kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Angakhiqizwa ngezimo nobukhulu obuhlukahlukene futhi angahlanganiswa nemiklamo yemikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ama-LED angalungiswa futhi ukuze akhiqize imibala ehlukahlukene ngaphandle kwesidingo sezihlungi ezengeziwe.
6. Ukukhanyisa Okusheshayo
Ama-LED akhanya ngokushesha ngaphandle kokubambezeleka kokufudumeza, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezibani, njengezibani ezisekelwe ku-mercury kanye nezonga amandla, ezidinga isikhathi esithile ukuze zifinyelele ukukhanya okugcwele. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezisetshenziswayo lapho ukukhanya okusheshayo kubalulekile khona, njengezibani zomgwaqo kanye nezibani zemoto.
Izinselele Nekusasa Le-LED
Naphezu kwezinzuzo zayo eziningi, ubuchwepheshe be-LED bubhekene nezinselele eziningana. Inselele enkulu eyodwa ukwehla kokusebenza kahle lapho ama-LED esebenza ngamandla aphezulu, into eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-droop." Ucwaningo nentuthuko luyaqhubeka nokubhekana nale nkinga futhi luthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-LED.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zokuqala zama-LED zivame ukuba phezulu kunezezibani ezivamile, yize lezi zindleko ziqhubeka nokwehla njengoba ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka kanye nomthamo wokukhiqiza ukhuphuka.
Ikusasa lama-LED libukeka lithembisa kakhulu. Izinto ezintsha ezifana nokuthuthukiswa kwama-LED amancane, ukuthuthukiswa kwama-LED aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ama-microLED, kanye nama-LED angokwemvelo (ama-OLED) kuyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngamathuba amasha ezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi nezithuthukile. Njengoba ukusimama nokusebenza kahle kwamandla kuba yinto ebalulekile emhlabeni jikelele, ama-LED kulindeleke ukuthi ahlale ewubuchwepheshe obubalulekile ekukhanyeni nasekubonisweni kwe-elekthronikhi esikhathini esizayo esibonakalayo.
Isiphetho
Ama-Diode Akhipha Ukukhanya (ama-LED) ubuchwepheshe obushintshayo obushintshe indlela esibona futhi sisebenzisa ngayo ukukhanya. Kusukela ekukhanyeni kwasekhaya kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha kanye ne-elekthronikhi, ama-LED anikeza izinzuzo eziningi okuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, ukuhlala isikhathi eside, ukuqina, ukuguquguquka komklamo, kanye nokusimama kwemvelo. Naphezu kwezinselelo ezithile, ikusasa lama-LED libukeka liqhakazile, liqondiswa ukusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo okuzothuthukisa ukusebenza kanye nokusebenza kahle kwalolu buchwepheshe ezizindeni ezahlukene zokuphila.
