Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-Hydrocarbon
Ama-hydrocarbon ayizinto eziphilayo ezakhiwe ngama-athomu e-carbon (C) kanye ne-hydrogen (H). Ziyizingxenye eziyinhloko zamafutha angaphansi komhlaba njenge-petroleum, igesi yemvelo, kanye namalahle. Ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kwama-hydrocarbon kubalulekile ngoba adlala indima ebalulekile kumakhemikhali e-organic kanye nokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yamakhemikhali. Ama-hydrocarbon angahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili amakhulu ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sawo sama-molecule: ama-hydrocarbon aliphatic kanye nama-hydrocarbon aromatic. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola lokhu kuhlukaniswa, izigaba zawo, kanye nezibonelo nezici zalowo nalowo.
Ama-hydrocarbon e-Aliphatic
Ama-hydrocarbon e-Aliphatic angama-hydrocarbon anama-molecule ahlelwe ngamaketanga avulekile (aqondile noma ahlanganisiwe) noma ezindandatho ezingezona iphunga.
1. Ama-Alkanes
Isakhiwo kanye Nezakhiwo
Ama-alkanes angama-hydrocarbon agcwele anezibopho ezilodwa kuphela phakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon. Amelwe yifomula ejwayelekile i-CnH2n+2. I-athomu ngayinye ye-carbon ku-alkane ixhunyaniswe namanye ama-athomu amane. Izibonelo ezilula zama-alkanes yi-methane (CH4), i-ethane (C2H6), kanye ne-propane (C3H8).
Ama-alkanes ngokuvamile awasabeli kahle kunezinye izinhlobo zama-hydrocarbon ngoba zonke izibopho ze-carbon-carbon ziyizibopho ze-single σ (sigma), eziqinile futhi ezizinzile. Azinawo ama-polar futhi azincibiliki kahle emanzini, kodwa ziyancibilika ezinyibilikisini eziphilayo ezifana ne-ether ne-chloroform.
Izibonelo Nokusetshenziswa
– I-Methane (CH4) isetshenziswa njengophethiloli oyinhloko kugesi yemvelo.
– I-propane (C3H8) isetshenziswa kugesi encibilikisiwe (LPG) ukupheka nokushisa.
2. Ama-Alkenes
Isakhiwo kanye Nezakhiwo
Ama-alkenes angama-hydrocarbon anesibopho esisodwa esiphindwe kabili phakathi kwama-athomu e-carbon. Ifomula yawo evamile yi-CnH2n. Lesi sibopho esiphindwe kabili senza ama-alkenes asebenze kangcono kunama-alkanes ngenxa yesibopho esibuthakathaka se-π (pi). Izibonelo zama-alkenes yi-ethylene (C2H4) kanye ne-propylene (C3H6).
Ama-Alkenes abonisa izakhiwo zokwengeza, lapho isibopho esiphindwe kabili singavula futhi sengeze ama-athomu amasha, njengasekuphenduleni kwe-hydrogenation noma kwe-halogenation.
Izibonelo Nokusetshenziswa
– I-Ethylene (C2H4) isetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-polyethylene, ipulasitiki evame kakhulu etholakala ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.
– I-Propylene (C3H6) iyinto eluhlaza embonini yokukhiqiza i-polypropylene, ipulasitiki esetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokupakisha.
3. Ama-Alkynes
Isakhiwo kanye Nezakhiwo
Ama-alkyne angama-hydrocarbon anesibopho esiphindwe kathathu phakathi kwama-athomu amabili e-carbon. Ifomula yawo ejwayelekile yi-CnH2n-2. Njengama-alkenes, asabela kakhulu ngenxa yokuba khona kwezibopho ze-π ezibuthakathaka. Izibonelo ezivamile yi-ethylene (C2H2) kanye ne-propylene (C3H4).
Ama-alkyne anezakhiwo ezihlukile ngaphezu kokusabela, njengokusabela kwe-hydrogenation okungakhiqiza ama-alkenes noma ama-alkanes.
Izibonelo Nokusetshenziswa
– I-Ethylene (C2H2) noma eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi i-acetylene, ivame ukusetshenziswa ezinqubweni zokushisela nokusika ngoba amalangabi ewakhiqizayo ashisa kakhulu.
Ama-hydrocarbon ajikelezayo
Ama-hydrocarbon ajikelezayo angama-hydrocarbon anama-athomu e-carbon akha uchungechunge noma indandatho evaliwe. Ama-hydrocarbon ajikelezayo angaba agcwele (ama-cycloalkanes) noma angagcwali (ama-cycloalkenes).
1. Ama-cycloalkanes
Ama-cycloalkanes angama-hydrocarbon aneziketanga zekhabhoni ezimise okwendandatho eziqukethe izibopho ezilodwa kuphela. Anefomula ejwayelekile i-CnH2n, ngokungafani nama-alkanes aqondile.
Izibonelo Nokusetshenziswa
– I-Cyclohexane (C6H12) isetshenziswa njenge-solvent engeyona i-polar futhi isetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwe-caprolactam, esetshenziselwa ukwenza i-nylon.
2. Ama-cycloalkenes
Ama-cycloalkenes angama-hydrocarbon anesibopho esiphindwe kabili esisodwa noma ngaphezulu esakhiweni sawo sendandatho. Asabela kakhulu kunama-cycloalkanes ngenxa yokuba khona kwezibopho eziphindwe kabili.
Izibonelo Nokusetshenziswa
– I-Cyclohexene (C6H10), i-analogue eyindilinga ye-hexene, isetshenziswa kumakhemikhali e-organic okwenziwa.
Ama-Hydrocarbon Anuka Kahle
Ama-hydrocarbon anephunga elimnandi aziwa ngokuqina kwawo okuphezulu ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo sendandatho ye-resonance, ngokuvamile esiqukethe ama-athomu ayisithupha ekhabhoni. Isakhiwo esivame kakhulu yi-benzene, enefomula i-C6H6.
1. I-Benzene kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo
Isakhiwo kanye Nezakhiwo
I-Benzene iyi-hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi elula kakhulu enefomula i-C6H6. Ama-athomu e-carbon ku-benzene akha indandatho enesakhiwo esihleliwe, i-athomu ngayinye ye-carbon ixhunywe ku-athomu eyodwa ye-hydrogen.
Ukusabela kanye Nokusetshenziswa
I-Benzene izinzile kakhulu ngenxa yokususwa kwama-electron e-π esakhiweni sokuzwakala kwendandatho ye-benzene. Ngakho-ke, i-benzene kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa ekuhlanganisweni kwamakhemikhali amaningi, okuhlanganisa imithi, ipulasitiki, kanye nodayi.
2. Ama-Hydrocarbon e-Polyaromatic
Ama-hydrocarbon e-polyaromatic aqukethe izindandatho ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ze-aromatic ezihlanganisiwe. Avame ukutholakala emikhiqizweni yokusha okungaphelele kwezinto eziphilayo, njengentuthu kagwayi kanye nomusi wokukhipha umoya emotweni.
Izibonelo Nokusetshenziswa
– I-Naphthalene (C10H8) iyisibonelo esivamile se-hydrocarbon e-polyaromatic esetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni udayi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane.
Isomerism kuma-hydrocarbon
Esinye sezici ezithakazelisayo zokutadisha ama-hydrocarbon umqondo we-isomerism, lapho ama-molecule anefomula efanayo yamakhemikhali angaba nezakhiwo ezahlukene. I-Isomerism ingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziningana, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ama-Isomer Esakhiwo
Ama-isomer esakhiwo yi-isomer ahlukile ekuhleleni kwama-athomu awo. Isibonelo, i-butane (C4H10) inama-isomer amabili esakhiwo: i-n-butane kanye ne-isobutane (methylpropane).
2. Ama-Isomer eJiyomethri
Ama-isomer e-geometri atholakala kuma-alkenes kanye nama-alkenes ajikelezayo. Lawa angama-isomer ahlukile ekuqondeni kwendawo kwama-athomu azungeze isibopho noma indandatho ephindwe kabili.
3. Ama-Isomers Optical
Ama-isomer e-optical angama-isomer aqukethe ama-molecule afanayo kodwa awafani (i-chiral). Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu kumakhemikhali emithi ngoba ama-isomer e-optical ahlukene angaba nemisebenzi ehlukene kakhulu yezinto eziphilayo.
Isiphetho
Ama-hydrocarbon ayizinto ezibalulekile ezinezakhiwo nezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene ezivumela ukusetshenziswa okubanzi embonini nasempilweni yansuku zonke. Ukuhlukaniswa kwazo okuningiliziwe—ama-alkanes, ama-alkenes, ama-alkynes, ama-cycloalkanes, ama-cycloalkenes, nama-hydrocarbon anuka kamnandi—kunikeza isisekelo esibalulekile se-organic chemistry. Ukuqonda kahle lezi zinhlobo zama-hydrocarbon kuvumela ucwaningo olusebenzayo, intuthuko, kanye nokusetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kusukela emandleni kuya kwezemithi.
