Ukubopha Okuhlanganisiwe: Izisekelo kanye Nezicelo kuKhemistry
Izibopho ze-Covalent zingenye yezinhlobo eziyisisekelo nezibaluleke kakhulu zezibopho zamakhemikhali kumakhemikhali. Empilweni yethu yansuku zonke, sihlangana nama-compound akhiwe yizibopho ze-covalent ezicini ezahlukene, kusukela emoyeni esiwuphefumulayo kuya ekudleni esikudlayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokujulile ngezibopho ze-covalent, okuhlanganisa izisekelo zazo, indlela ezakheka ngayo, izakhiwo ezitholakalayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo kumakhemikhali nasempilweni yansuku zonke.
Izisekelo Zokubopha Ezihlanganisiwe
Isibopho se-covalent uhlobo lwesibopho samakhemikhali esakhiwa lapho ama-athomu amabili noma ngaphezulu abelana ngama-electron pair ukuze kufezwe ukuzinza kwe-elekthronikhi, ikakhulukazi ngokulandela umthetho we-octet, okuwukuthambekela kwama-athomu kokuba nama-electron ayisishiyagalombili egobolondweni lawo langaphandle. Lesi sibopho sivame ukwenzeka phakathi kwama-athomu angewona awensimbi.
Ama-electron e-Valence kanye nokuzinza
Ama-electron e-Valence, ama-electron asegobolondweni elingaphandle le-athomu, adlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezibopho ze-covalent. Ama-athomu avame ukwabelana ngama-electron awo e-valence ukuze afinyelele ukucushwa kwama-electron okuzinzile kakhudlwana. Isibonelo, ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen (H) ngalinye line-electron eyodwa ye-valence. Ngokwabelana ngala ma-electron, i-athomu ngayinye ye-hydrogen ifinyelela ukucushwa okuzinzile, okufana nokwe-helium (He).
Ukwakheka Kwezibopho Ze-Covalent
Ukwakheka kwezibopho ze-covalent kungachazwa kusetshenziswa imiqondo ye-atomic orbital kanye ne-molecular orbital theory. Lapho ama-athomu amabili esondelana kakhulu, ama-valence orbital awo ayahlangana, okuwavumela ukuthi abelane ngama-electron ukuze akhe isibopho esizinzile. Izibopho ze-covalent zingaba:
– Izibopho ezizimele, lapho ama-athomu amabili abelana khona ngepheya elilodwa lama-electron (isb., i-H₂, equkethe ama-athomu amabili e-hydrogen).
– Amabhondi aphindwe kabili, lapho ama-athomu amabili abelana ngamabili ama-electron (isb., i-O₂, i-molecule oxygen).
– Amabhondi amathathu, lapho ama-athomu amabili abelana ngamabili amathathu ama-electron (isib., i-N₂, i-molecule ye-nitrogen).
Izakhiwo ze-Covalent Bonds
Ama-covalent bonds anezakhiwo eziningi ezihlukile eziwahlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zama-chemical bonds, njengezibopho ze-ionic. Nazi ezinye zezakhiwo ezibalulekile zama-covalent bonds:
I-Polarity
Izibopho ze-Covalent zingaba
– I-Nonpolar covalent: Yakhiwe phakathi kwama-athomu ane-electronegativities efanayo noma efana kakhulu. Ama-electron abiwa ngokulinganayo phakathi kwama-athomu amabili, izibonelo zawo okungama-molecule e-diatomic njenge-H₂, i-N₂, ne-O₂.
– Izibopho ze-polar covalent: Zenzeka lapho ama-athomu amabili enomehluko omkhulu ku-electronegativity. Ama-electron avame ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi eduze kwe-athomu ene-electronegative kakhulu, okuholela ekushajweni okuyingxenye okuhle nokubi kuleyo athomu. Isibonelo esivamile yi-molecule yamanzi (H₂O), lapho i-oxygen ine-electronegative kakhulu kune-hydrogen.
Amandla e-Bond
Isibopho ngasinye se-covalent sinamandla esibopho athile, okungamandla adingekayo ukuphula isibopho. Amandla esibopho ayisibonakaliso samandla esibopho, kanti izibopho eziphindwe kabili nezithathu ngokuvamile zinamandla esibopho aphezulu kunezibopho ezilodwa ngoba zabelana ngama-electron amaningi.
Ubude bebhondi
Ubude besibopho se-covalent buyibanga eliphakathi kwama-nuclei ama-athomu amabili ahlanganisiwe. Ubude besibopho ngokuvamile bufushane kuma-bond aphindwe kabili futhi bufushane ngisho nakuma-bond amathathu kune-bond eyodwa.
Ukusetshenziswa kanye nemiphumela yezibopho ze-Covalent
Izibopho ze-covalent zidlala indima ebalulekile ezicini eziningi zokuphila kanye nobuchwepheshe. Nazi ezinye zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezinkulu kanye nemiphumela yezibopho ze-covalent:
Izinto Eziphilayo
Amakhemikhali e-organic, ayisisekelo sazo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila, akhiwa kakhulu ngama-molecule anezibopho ze-covalent. I-Carbon, i-hydrogen, i-oxygen, i-nitrogen, nezinye izakhi eziningana zakha izibopho ze-covalent ezahlukahlukene ukuze zenze amakhemikhali e-organic afana namaprotheni, ama-carbohydrate, amafutha, nama-nucleic acid. Isibonelo, i-DNA, egcina ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo, iqukethe izinkulungwane zama-athomu axhunywe yizibopho ze-covalent esakhiweni se-double helix.
Ikhemistri Yezemithi
Kumakhemikhali wemithi, ukuqonda izibopho ze-covalent kuvumela ososayensi ukuklama nokuhlanganisa izidakamizwa ezisebenzisana ngqo nezinhloso zezinto eziphilayo emzimbeni. Izidakamizwa eziningi zisebenza ngokwakha izibopho ze-covalent nama-enzyme noma ama-receptor ukuvimbela noma ukuguqula umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo.
I-Chemistry Yezinto Ezisetshenziswayo
Kumakhemikhali wezinto zokwakha, ama-compounds akhiwe yizibopho ze-covalent asetshenziselwa ukudala izinto ezinezakhiwo ezikhethekile. Isibonelo, ama-polymer, aqukethe amaketanga amade ama-molecule abanjwe ndawonye yizibopho ze-covalent, asetshenziswa ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, njengepulasitiki, izindwangu, kanye nerabha. Futhi, izinto ezakhiwe nge-carbon ezifana ne-graphene kanye nama-carbon nanotubes zinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibanzi kuma-electronics, izinto ezihlanganisiwe, kanye ne-nanotechnology.
I-Inorganic Chemistry
Kumakhemikhali angaphili, amakhemikhali amaningi akhiwe ngokubopha kwe-covalent nawo abalulekile. Isibonelo, ama-oxide ensimbi ahlukahlukene anezicelo kuma-catalysis kanye nezinzwa zegesi akhiwa ngokubopha kwe-covalent phakathi kwensimbi nomoya-mpilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-silicates nama-aluminate, anezakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezintathu-ntathu ezinezibopho ze-covalent, asetshenziswa kubumba kanye nezinto zokwakha.
Isiphetho
Izibopho ze-Covalent ziyisisekelo sekhemistri, okuvumela ukwakheka kwama-molecule amaningi akha umhlaba osizungezile. Kusukela ezakhiweni zama-molecule ayinkimbinkimbi ezinto eziphilayo kuya ezintweni ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe, izibopho ze-covalent zidlala indima ebanzi nebalulekile. Ukuqonda imiqondo nezakhiwo zezibopho ze-covalent akubalulekile nje kuphela ekufundeni ikhemistri, kodwa futhi nasekusetshenzisweni kwayo okuhlukahlukene okusebenzayo empilweni yansuku zonke. Ngokuqhubeka nokufunda nokuhlola izakhiwo zezibopho ze-covalent, singaqhubeka nokudala nokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe obusha obuzuzisa ukusimama kanye nentuthuko yomphakathi wesintu.
