Uhlelo Lokutshala Utamatisi Olusebenza Kahle
Utamatisi (i-Solanum lycopersicum) uyisitshalo esidumile kakhulu sezitshalo ezinenani eliphezulu lokuhweba. Ukuba khona kwawo ekudleni okuhlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke kubonisa ukubaluleka kwawo. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokutshala olusebenzayo lubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa okuhle kakhulu, kwekhwalithi ephezulu, nokuqhubekayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngezici ezahlukahlukene zesistimu yokutshala utamatisi ephumelelayo, kusukela ekukhetheni izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nokulungiselela umhlaba kuya kumasu okutshala , ukunakekela, kanye nokuvuna.
1. Ukukhetha Okunhlobonhlobo
Ukukhetha uhlobo oluthile kuyisinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile. Izinhlobo ezahlukene zikatamatisi zinezici ezahlukene, njengokumelana nezifo, ukunambitheka, umbala, kanye nosayizi wezithelo. Khetha uhlobo olufanela isimo sezulu sendawo kanye nezimo zomhlabathi, kanye nesidingo semakethe. Ezinye izinhlobo ezidumile zifaka phakathi i-Roma, i-Cherry, i-Beefsteak, ne-San Marzano.
Izinhlobo ezihlanganisiwe zivame ukukhethwa ngenxa yokukhiqiza kwazo okuphezulu kanye nokumelana nezifo ezahlukahlukene. Lapho ukhetha uhlobo , cabanga nangokuthi ufuna ukutshala utamatisi oqondile (okhula kancane futhi ofanele indawo elinganiselwe) noma ongapheli (okhula ubude futhi odinga ukwesekwa).
2. Ukulungiswa Komhlaba
Inhlabathi enhle iyisihluthulelo sokutshala utamatisi ngempumelelo. Utamatisi ukhula kahle enhlabathini ene-pH ephakathi kuka-6.0 no-6.8. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokutshala , yenza ukuhlolwa kwenhlabathi ukuze uthole i-pH kanye nokuqukethwe kwezakhamzimba. Uma i-pH yenhlabathi ingaphansi kokufanele, engeza i-dolomitic lime ukuze unciphise i-acidity noma izinto eziphilayo ezifana nomquba ukuze uthuthukise ukuzala kwenhlabathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, qiniseka ukuthi inhlabathi inomsele omuhle wokukhipha amanzi ukuze uvimbele ukugcwala kwamanzi. Utamatisi usengozini enkulu yezifo ezahlukahlukene ezibangelwa amanzi amaningi. Vumela isikhala esanele phakathi kwezitshalo, ngokuvamile cishe amasentimitha angu-45-60, ukuze kuvunyelwe ukujikeleza komoya okuhle futhi kuncishiswe ingozi yezifo.
3. Ukutshala
Tshala ngqo emhlabathini noma sebenzisa indlela ye-nursery. Uma ukhetha indlela ye-nursery, lungisa imbewu amasonto angu-6-8 ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokutshala usebenzisa indawo yokukhulisa engenamagciwane ukuvimbela izifo. Beka izithombo endaweni enelanga elanele futhi ugcine umswakama wendawo yokukhulisa.
Uma izithombo sezikhulile futhi zakha amaqabunga eqiniso angu-2-3, sezilungele ukutshalwa endaweni eyinhloko. Ngaphambi kokutshala, qiniseka ukuthi izithombo sezijwayele indawo yangaphandle ukuze ugweme ukushaqeka futhi uzivumele zivumelane ngokushesha.
4. Amasu Okunisela
Uhlelo lokunisela olusebenzayo ludlala indima ebalulekile ekutshalweni kukatamatisi. Ukunisela ngokuconsa kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu ngoba amanzi alethwa ngqo endaweni yezimpande zesitshalo, okunciphisa ukulahleka kwamanzi ngokuhwamuka futhi kunciphise ingozi yokusabalala kwezifo okubangelwa umswakama owedlulele.
Uma usebenzisa ukunisela nge-drip, lungisa ivolumu kanye nemvamisa ukuze kuhambisane nezidingo zesitshalo kanye nezimo zezulu. Gwema ukunisela ngokweqile, okungabangela ukubola kwezimpande. Nisela kaningi ngesikhathi sesomiso kunangesikhathi semvula.
5. Ukuhlinzeka Ngokudla Okunempilo
Umanyolo ofanele nolinganiselayo kubalulekile ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo zikatamatisi. Sebenzisa umanyolo oyisisekelo ocebile nge-phosphorus (P) ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze ukhuthaze ukukhula kwezimpande. Umquba noma umquba kungaba imithombo emihle yezakhamzimba eziphilayo.
Uma izitshalo seziqala ukukhula, nikeza umanyolo owengeziwe ngesimo se-nitrogen (N) ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula kwezitshalo, kanye ne-potassium (K) ukuze kuqiniswe izitshalo futhi kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yezithelo. Ukuhlinzeka ngezakhamzimba ezincane njenge-magnesium ne-calcium nakho kubalulekile ukuvimbela izinkinga ezifana nokubola kwe-blossom end.
6. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Izinambuzane nezifo ziyinselele enkulu ekulimeni utamatisi. Izinambuzane ezivame kakhulu zifaka phakathi ama-aphid, ama-armyworm, kanye nezimpukane zezithelo. Ukuze ulawule, sebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane zezitshalo noma zamakhemikhali njengoba kudingeka. Ukulawula izinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa izilwane ezidla ezinye kungaba yindlela enobungani nemvelo.
Izifo ezifana ne-late blight, i-Fusarium wilt, kanye ne-viral mosaic ziyizinkinga ezinkulu ezidinga ukunakekelwa. Ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo, ukukhetha izinhlobo ezingamelana nezifo, kanye nokugcina inhlanzeko efanele yezitshalo kunganciphisa ingozi yokuqubuka kwezifo. Futhi, qiniseka ukuthi uqapha izitshalo njalo ukuze uthole ukutholakala kusenesikhathi kanye nokwelashwa ngokushesha.
7. Ukuthena kanye nokusekela
Ukuthena kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukukhula ngokweqile nokuthuthukisa ukujikeleza komoya. Ukuthena kuhilela ukususa amahlumela alahlekile (ama-sucker) akhula phakathi kwamaqabunga nesiqu esiyinhloko. Lokhu kusiza isitshalo ukuthi sigxile ekukhiqizeni izithelo.
Ukusekelwa kuyadingeka futhi, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezingacaci. Sebenzisa izinti, ucingo, noma inethi ukuze ubambe isitshalo siqonde. Lokhu kuvimbela izithelo ukuthi zingathinti inhlabathi, kunciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka yizifo kanye nomonakalo wezithelo.
8. Ukuvuna kanye Nokuvunwa Kwangemva Kokuvuna
Ukuvunwa kwenziwa uma isithelo sesivuthiwe kahle. Lokhu kuboniswa umbala olinganayo kanye nokuthungwa okuthambile kancane. Izikhathi zokuvuna ziyahlukahluka kakhulu, kuye ngokuthi zihlukahlukene kangakanani kanye nezimo zezulu.
Ngemva kokuvuna, hlunga izithelo ukuze uhlukanise izithelo zekhwalithi enhle nezithelo ezonakele noma ezigulayo. Ukugcina kahle izithelo nakho kubalulekile ukuze kwandiswe isikhathi sokuphila kwazo eshalofini. Gcina izithelo endaweni epholile (cishe ngo-12-15°C) futhi ugweme ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile.
Isiphetho
Ukutshala utamatisi kahle kudinga ukunakwa kuzo zonke izici, kusukela ekukhetheni izinhlobo kuya ekuvuneni. Uhlelo oluhle lokutshala luthuthukisa isivuno hhayi ngobuningi kuphela kodwa nangekhwalithi. Kuthenjwa ukuthi ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifanele, abalimi bangakhulisa umkhiqizo kanye nokusimama ekulimeni utamatisi. Ukusebenza kahle kuyisihluthulelo sokufeza ezolimo ezincintisanayo nezinobungani nemvelo.
