Ukulinywa Kwamagilebhisi
Ukutshalwa kwamagilebhisi kuyanda ngenxa yenani eliphezulu lezomnotho kanye nesidingo esizinzile, kokubili ukusetshenziswa okusha kanye nemikhiqizo ecutshungulwayo efana nejusi, amagilebhisi omisiwe, kanye nemikhiqizo ebilisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagilebhisi ayakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nokutshalwa ezindaweni ezahlukene zase-Indonesia, ikakhulukazi uma abalimi bekwazi ukuphatha izici ezibalulekile njengokukhanya kwelanga, izinhlelo ze-trellis, ukuthena, kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile zokutshalwa kwamagilebhisi, kusukela ekulungiseleleni kuya ekuvuneni kanye nangemuva kokuvunwa.
1. Ukuqonda Izidingo Zokukhulisa Amagilebhisi
Amagilebhisi (i-Vitis vinifera kanye nezinye izinhlobo ezixubile) akhula kahle ezindaweni ezinelanga eligcwele. Lezi zitshalo zithanda izimo ezifudumele ezinomoya omuhle ojikelezayo. E-Indonesia, amagilebhisi angatshalwa ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphansi kuya kweziphakathi, kodwa ikhwalithi yezithelo ithonywa kakhulu ukukhanya okukhulu kanye namazinga omswakama.
Ezinye izimo zokukhula okudingeka zicatshangelwe:
– Ukukhanya: Okungenani amahora angu-6-8 okukhanya kwelanga okuqondile ngosuku ukusekela ukwakheka kwezimbali kanye nokuqukethwe ushukela wezithelo.
– Indawo yokutshala: Ikhululekile, icebile ngezinto eziphilayo, futhi ikhipha amanzi kahle. Inhlabathi emanzi ingabangela ukubola kwezimpande kalula futhi iholele ezifweni.
– I-pH yomhlabathi: Ngokuvamile ifaneleka kakhulu ebangeni le-pH elingu-5,5–7,0.
– Imvula/umswakama: Amagilebhisi awawuthandi umswakama owedlulele ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kuze kube yilapho kuvunwa ngoba kwandisa ingozi yesikhunta emaqabunga nasezithelo.
2. Ukukhetha Okunhlobonhlobo
Ukutshala okuphumelelayo kunqunywa kakhulu ngokukhetha uhlobo olufanela inhloso kanye nezimo zendawo. Ukuze kusetshenziswe okusha, izinhlobo ezinephunga elimnandi kanye nesikhumba esincane zivame ukukhethwa. Kokunye ukudla okucutshunguliwe, izinhlobo ezinephunga elinamandla noma ibhalansi enhle kashukela ne-asidi ziyathandwa.
E-Indonesia, ezinye izinhlobo ezivame ukutshalwa zifaka:
– Amagilebhisi aluhlaza anokunambitheka okusha nokumnandi.
– Amagilebhisi abomvu/onsomi ngokuvamile anephunga elinamandla.
– Izinhlobo zendawo ezivumelana nezimo ezimelana nomswakama noma ezinye izifo.
Kungcono ukuthenga imbewu emthonjeni othembekile, ngoba imbewu enempilo izonciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka kwezitshalo kusukela ekuqaleni.
3. Ukulungiswa Kwendawo Nokutshala Izinto Ezisetshenziswayo
Amagilebhisi angatshalwa engadini noma emabhodweni amakhulu. Ukuze kutshalwe ingadi, umhlaba udinga ukusulwa ukhula, kufakwe imisele yokukhipha amanzi, bese kulungiselelwa imigodi yokutshala. Ukuze kutshalwe ebhodweni, sebenzisa ibhodwe elinobubanzi obuncane obungu-50-60 cm ukuze kunikezwe isikhala esanele sokukhula kwezimpande.
Izinyathelo zokulungisa umhlaba:
1. Lima inhlabathi ukuze ikhululeke, bese wenza imibhede uma indawo ivame ukuba nezikhukhula.
2. Yenza imbobo yokutshala engaba ngu-40×40×40 cm noma ngaphezulu ukuze uthole inhlabathi esindayo.
3. Hlanganisa inhlabathi egujwe nomquba/umquba ovuthiwe. Uma kudingeka, engeza amakhoba elayisi ashisiwe noma isihlabathi ukuze uthuthukise umoya.
4. Shiya umgodi izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze uvumele imidiya ukuthi izinze.
Ibanga lokutshala engadini liyahlukahluka kuye ngohlelo lwe-trellis, kodwa ngokuvamile lingama-2-3 amamitha phakathi kwezitshalo ukuze kunikezwe indawo yokutshala imivini ukuze ikhule futhi kube lula ukujikeleza komoya.
4. Ukutshala Nokunakekelwa Kokuqala
Ukutshala kufanele kwenziwe lapho isimo sezulu singesibi kakhulu. Khetha izithombo ezineziqu eziqinile, amaqabunga amasha, futhi ezingenazo izimpawu zesifo. Uma utshala, beka izithombo ziqonde, umboze inhlabathi ngobumnene ngenhlabathi, bese uyiqinisa ngokwanele ukuze ingawi. Ngemva kwalokho, nisela kancane.
Esigabeni sokuqala, isitshalo sigxila ekwakheni izimpande kanye nesiqu esiyinhloko. Kudingeka ukunakekelwa okulandelayo:
– Gcina umswakama owanele enhlabathini, ungagcini ngokweqile.
– Faka izigxobo zesikhashana ukuze ziqondise ukukhula kwesiqu.
– Susa ukhula oluzungeze izitshalo ukuze zingancintisani ngezakhamzimba.
5. Uhlelo Lokusabalalisa kanye Nokwakhiwa Kwezinhloko
Amagilebhisi ayizitshalo ezikhuphukayo, ngakho-ke adinga i-trellis noma i-trellis. Uhlelo lwe-trellis lunquma ukusebenza kahle kwengadi, ukulula kokuthena, kanye nekhwalithi yezithelo. Amamodeli avame ukusetshenziswa afaka:
– I-Pergola/i-para-para: I-canopy isakazeka phezulu njengophahla, ifanelekela amagceke nezingadi zezivakashi.
– I-trellis evundlile/eqondile: Isiza ekuphathweni kwemigqa kanye nokunakekelwa okujulile.
Uma isiqu esiyinhloko sifinyelela ukuphakama kwe-trellis, bumba amagatsha amakhulu (izingalo) ngakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla ukuze ulinganisele umqhele. Ukubumba kusenesikhathi kubalulekile ekusunguleni uhlaka lwesitshalo oluqinile nolukhiqizayo.
6. Ukuvundisa Nokunisela
Amagilebhisi adinga ukudla okunomsoco olinganiselayo ukuze asekele ukukhula kwezitshalo nokukhiqiza. Umanyolo wemvelo uyasiza ekuthuthukiseni inhlabathi, kanti umanyolo wemvelo ungasetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile zezakhamzimba.
Izimiso zokuvundisa:
– Isigaba sokukhula kwezitshalo sidinga amazinga aphezulu e-nitrogen ukuze kukhule amaqabunga neziqu.
– Ngaphambi kokuqhakaza nokuthela izithelo, i-phosphorus ne-potassium kuyadingeka ukuze kwakheke izimbali, kwakheke izithelo, kanye nekhwalithi yokunambitheka.
– Engeza i-calcium ne-magnesium uma kudingeka, ikakhulukazi ukuze izicubu ziqine futhi zibe nekhwalithi yezithelo.
Ukunisela kufanele kube njalo, kodwa kungabi ngokweqile. Abalimi abaningi balawula ukunisela ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhula ngokweqile kwamaqabunga kanye nokukhiqizwa okuncane kwezithelo. Ngaphambi kokuvuna, ukunisela kungancishiswa ukuze kwandiswe ubumnandi, uma nje isitshalo singabhekene nokucindezeleka okukhulu.
7. Ukuthena: Isihluthulelo Sokukhiqiza Amagilebhisi
Ukuthena kuyindlela ebalulekile ekutshalweni kwamagilebhisi. Ngaphandle kokuthena, izitshalo zizokhula kakhulu, zibe manzi, futhi umkhiqizo wezithelo uzoncipha. Ukuthena kuhlukaniswe kanje:
– Ukuthena ngomumo: kwenziwa ezitshalweni ezincane ukuze kwakheke uhlaka.
– Ukuthena izitshalo: kwenziwa ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuvela kwamahlumela amasha azokhiqiza izimbali nezithelo.
– Ukuthena ngokunakekela: ukususa amagatsha agulayo, amaqabunga akhule ngokweqile, noma amahlumela asendle.
Ngokuvamile, amagilebhisi akhula emahlumela amasha akhula emagatsheni athile, ngakho-ke ukuthena kahle kuzolawula inani lamahlumela akhiqizayo futhi kukhulise ikhwalithi yamahlumela.
8. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Inkinga enkulu yamagilebhisi ezindaweni ezinomswakama yizifo zesikhunta. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinambuzane ezihlasela amaqabunga noma izithelo. Ukulawula kufanele kusebenzise izimiso Zokuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Ezihlanganisiwe (IPM), kubekwe phambili ukuhlanzeka, ukuvimbela, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngokuhlakanipha.
Imizamo yokuvimbela:
– Gcina ukujikeleza komoya ngokusika kanye nebanga elifanele lokutshala.
– Gwema ukunisela amaqabunga kaningi kakhulu.
– Hlanza amaqabunga/izithelo ezibolile noma ezinegciwane bese uzibhubhisa.
Ezinye zezinkinga ezivame ukuvela:
– Isikhunta esiwuphuphu/isikhunta esiphansi emaqabungeni nasezithelweni lapho umswakama uphezulu.
– Ukubola kwezithelo ngaphambi kokuvunwa.
– Izibungu, ama-thrip, kanye nama-aphid alimaza amaqabunga futhi abangele ukukhula okuntengantengayo.
Uma udinga ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane noma izikhunta, khetha ezifanele, naka umthamo, ujikeleze izithako ezisebenzayo ukuze uvimbele ukumelana nezinambuzane, bese unamathela esikhawu sangaphambi kokuvuna.
9. Ukuqhakaza, Ukunciphisa, kanye Nokunakekelwa Kwezithelo
Uma izitshalo ziqala ukuqhakaza, ingadi kufanele igcinwe ihlanzekile futhi ingabi nomswakama kakhulu. Abanye abalimi banciphisa izingcezu noma banciphise inani lezithelo ngengcezu ngayinye ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithelo zikhulu futhi zivuthwa ngisho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunciphisa amaqabunga azungeze izingcezu kungavumela ukukhanya kwelanga kungene, kodwa kugweme ukulisebenzisa ngokweqile, njengoba amaqabunga esadingeka ukuze kwenziwe i-photosynthesis.
Kwezinye izindawo zokulima ezijulile, izithelo ziphinde zisongwe ukuze kuvinjelwe izinambuzane, kuthululwe uthuli, futhi kuncishiswe ingozi yezifo, ikakhulukazi njengoba kusondela ukuvuna.
10. Ukuvuna kanye Nokuvunwa Kwangemva Kokuvuna
Amagilebhisi ngokuvamile avunwa uma umbala wesithelo ulingana futhi ubumnandi obufanele uhlobo lufinyelelwe. Ngokungafani nezinye izithelo ze-climacteric, amagilebhisi awandisi ubumnandi bawo kakhulu ngemva kokuwavuna, ngakho-ke ukuvuna kubalulekile esigabeni esifanele sokuvuthwa.
Izici zezithelo ezilungele ukuvunwa:
– Umbala ohlukile wohlobo uvela ngokulinganayo.
– Isithelo sinokwakheka okuthambile futhi sinambitheka kamnandi.
– Izinhlanga zamaqoqo ziqala ukubonakala ziqinile futhi izithelo aziwi kalula.
Vuna ngezikere zokuthena ezihlanzekile, usike isixha kanye nenani elincane lesiqu. Gwema ukuphatha izithelo ngokuqinile ukuze ugweme ukubhoboza. Ngemva kokuvunwa, gcina endaweni epholile, eyomile, futhi enomoya omuhle. Ukuze uthengise, ukuhlunga ngobukhulu, ubuningi besixha, kanye nesimo sesikhumba kuzokhulisa intengo yokuthengisa.
I-Penutup
Ukutshala amagilebhisi kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela, ikakhulukazi ekwakhekeni komqhele, ekutheneni, kanye nokuphathwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba. Isihluthulelo sempumelelo ukudala ingadi ekhanyiswe kahle, engamanzi kakhulu, futhi enomoya omuhle. Uma iphathwa kahle, amagilebhisi angaba yimpahla enenzuzo enkulu, kokubili engadini yasekhaya kanye nasemabhizinisini okulima akhiqizayo. Ngokusebenzisa amasu okulima afanele kusukela ekuqaleni, amathuba okuvuna ikhwalithi ephezulu nokuqhubekayo ayanda kakhulu.
