Ukutshalwa Kwezitshalo Zomango
Umango (Mangifera indica) ungomunye wezithelo zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezidumile e-Indonesia. Unokunambitheka okumnandi, iphunga elihlukile, kanye nenani eliphezulu lezomnotho ngenxa yesidingo esizinzile semakethe, kokubili ukusetshenziswa okusha kanye nemikhiqizo ecutshungulwayo (ijusi, ama-preserve, i-rujak, i-dodol, kanye ne-puree). Ukutshalwa komango kungaba yithuba lebhizinisi elinenzuzo uma kwenziwa ngokuhlela okufanele, kusukela ekukhetheni izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nokulungiswa komhlaba, ukutshala, ukunakekelwa, kuya ekuvunweni kanye nangemuva kokuvunwa. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezigaba zokutshalwa komango ngokuningiliziwe ukuze kutholakale ukukhiqizwa okuhle kanye nekhwalithi yezithelo ezinhle.
1. Izimo Zokukhulisa Izitshalo Zomango
Ukutshalwa kwemango okuphumelelayo kuthonywa kakhulu yisimo sezulu esifanele kanye nezimo zomhlabathi. Ngokuvamile, umango uyachuma ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo ezinesizini ehlukile yesomiso. Isikhathi esomile sisiza ekukhuthazeni ukuqhakaza kwezimbali, kuyilapho isitshalo sidinga amanzi anele ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezithelo.
Ezinye izimo ezinhle zokukhula zihlanganisa:
– Izinga lokushisa: lisukela ku-24–32°C, lisabekezelela ukushintshashintsha okuthile.
– Imvula: ekahle kakhulu ingu-1.000–2.000 mm ngonyaka, kodwa kungcono uma kunesikhathi somile sezinyanga ezingu-3-4 ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuqhakaza kwezimbali.
– Ukuphakama: ngokuvamile amamitha angu-0–500 ngaphezu kolwandle, yize ezinye izinhlobo zingazivumelanisa namamitha angu-800 ngaphezu kolwandle.
– Inhlabathi: ekhululekile, evundile, ekhipha amanzi kahle, i-pH engaba ngu-5,5–7,5.
– Ukukhanya: ukukhanya kwelanga okugcwele kubalulekile ekwakhekeni kwezimbali kanye nekhwalithi yezithelo.
Inhlabathi evame ukugcwala amanzi ayifaneleki kangako ngoba yandisa ingozi yokubola kwezimpande kanye nokutheleleka ngefungus. Uma indawo ivame ukugcwala amanzi, kufanele kwakhiwe imisele yamanzi kanye nemibhede ephakanyisiwe noma amagquma.
2. Ukukhethwa Kwezinhlobo Nembewu
Isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile ukukhetha uhlobo olufanela izidingo zemakethe kanye nezimo zendawo. E-Indonesia, izinhlobo ezitshalwa kabanzi zifaka phakathi i-Arumanis/Harum Manis, i-Manalagi, i-Golek, i-Gedong Gincu, kanye nezinhlobo eziningana zemango zendawo ezinhle ezivela esifundeni ngasinye.
Ekulimeni okujulile, kungcono ukusebenzisa imbewu evela ekusakazeni kwezitshalo, njengokufakelwa, ukuhluma, noma ukuhluma. Imbewu yezitshalo ithela izithelo ngokushesha (ngokuvamile phakathi neminyaka emi-3-5) futhi inezici ezifanayo nezomzali oyinhloko. Lokhu kuhlukile embewini, ethatha isikhathi eside ukukhiqiza izithelo futhi inekhwalithi engaguquki.
Izici zembewu enhle yemango:
– Ukuphakama kwezithombo kuyalingana futhi iziqu ziqinile.
– Amaqabunga aluhlaza amasha, angagobile noma angabonakali kahle.
– Ayinazo izinambuzane nezifo.
– Izimpande ezinempilo futhi ezingabambeki esikhwameni.
– Ukuxhumana (ezithonjeni ezixhunyelelwe) kuhlanganiswe ngokuqinile.
3. Ukulungiswa Kwendawo Nokutshala Ibanga
Ukulungiswa kwensimu kuhlose ukudala izimo zokukhula ezinhle kusukela ekuqaleni. Insimu isusiwe ukhula, izihlahla, kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo zangaphambilini. Uma kudingeka, lungisa inhlabathi bese udala imisele yokukhipha amanzi.
Ibanga lokutshala lincike kuhlobo kanye nohlelo lokutshala. Ngokuvamile, lisukela ku:
– 8 m × 8 m (ingadi evamile),
– 10 m × 10 m ngezinhlobo ezinemiqhele emikhulu,
– noma izinhlelo eziqinile zingaba zincane kakhulu ngokuphathwa okuqinile kokuthena.
Imigodi yokutshala yenziwa cishe ngo-60 x 60 x 60 cm, noma enkulu enhlabathini engavundile kakhulu. Inhlabathi engaphezulu egujwe ixutshwa nomquba/umquba ovuthiwe (isb., 15-25 kg ngomgodi ngamunye), futhi ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi kungangezwa uma kudingeka. Imigodi kufanele ilungiswe amasonto ama-2-4 ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze ivumele inhlabathi ukuthi ingene umoya futhi ivumele amagesi anobuthi ukuthi aphele.
4. Amasu Okutshala
Isikhathi esifanele sokutshala ngokuvamile sisekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula ukuze kuvunyelwe izithombo ukuba zibe namanzi anele okuzivumelanisa nezimo. Izinyathelo zokutshala zifaka:
1. Susa isikhwama se-polybag ngokucophelela ukuze izimpande zingalimali.
2. Tshala isithombo siqonde maphakathi nomgodi, intamo yempande ihambisane nobuso bomhlabathi.
3. Gcwalisa ngenhlabathi exubile kuze kube yilapho isiqine ngokwanele.
4. Yenza idiski (ukucindezeleka) ezungeze isiqu ukuze ibambe amanzi.
5. Faka izitebhisi (izisekeli) uma indawo inomoya.
6. Nisela ngokwanele bese ufaka i-mulch (utshani/amaqabunga omile) ukuze ugcine umswakama.
5. Ukunakekelwa Kwezitshalo Zomango
a. Ukunisela
Ezigabeni zokuqala (unyaka ongu-0–1), ukuchelela njalo kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi uma kunemvula engavamile. Ezitshalweni ezivuthiwe, ukuchelela kwenziwa njengoba kudingeka, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwezithelo nokukhula kwazo. Kodwa-ke, lapho sekusondele ukuqhakaza, izimo ezomile kancane zivame ukukhethwa ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuqala kwezimbali.
b. Ukususa Ukhula Nokulawula Ukhula
Ukhula luncintisana ngezakhamzimba namanzi. Hlakula ukhula njalo endaweni yokutshala. Ukusebenzisa i-mulch yemvelo kungavimbela ukukhula kokhula ngenkathi kwandisa izinto eziphilayo enhlabathini.
c. Ukuvundisa
Umanyolo uhlose ukusekela ukukhula kwezitshalo, ukuqhakaza, kanye nekhwalithi yezithelo. Ngokomthetho, umango udinga i-N (nitrogen) ukuze amaqabunga akhule, i-P (phosphorus) ukuze athole izimpande futhi athole izimbali, kanye ne-K (potassium) ukuze kwakheke izithelo futhi zinambitheke.
Amaphethini okufaka umanyolo angahlukaniswa kanje:
– Izitshalo ezisencane: gxila ekukhuleni, ekukhuleni kancane kancane kanye nasekukhuleni njalo.
– Izitshalo ezikhiqizayo: kugxilwe ekulinganisweni kwezinto, ikakhulukazi ngaphambi kokuqhakaza kanye nangemva kokuvunwa.
Umanyolo kufanele usetshenziswe ngendlela ejikelezayo ngaphansi kokubonakala komqhele (hhayi ngqo phansi kwesiqu) ngoba izimpande eziningi ezisebenzayo zitholakala kule ndawo. Umanyolo wemvelo njengomanyolo noma umquba usanconywa ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo senhlabathi.
d. Ukuthena
Ukuthena kubalulekile ekwakheni umqhele, ukuthuthukisa ukujikeleza komoya, kanye nokwenza kube lula ukuvuna. Ukuthena kwenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili:
– Ukuthena ngomumo ezitshalweni ezincane: yakha amagatsha amakhulu ngezindlela ezingu-3-4 ukuze umqhele ulingane.
– Ukunakekela ukucheba izitshalo ezivuthiwe: ukususa amagatsha afile, agulayo, akhule ngokweqile, noma akhula ngaphakathi.
Uma kuthenwa kahle, ukukhanya kwelanga kungena ngokulinganayo ukuze ikhwalithi yezimbali nezithelo ibe ngcono kakhulu.
6. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Ukutshalwa komango kuhlobene kakhulu nezinambuzane. Izinyathelo zokulawula kufanele zisekelwe ezimisweni zokuphathwa kwezinambuzane ezihlanganisiwe (i-IPM): ukugcina ingadi ihlanzekile, ukuqapha njalo, ukusebenzisa izitha zemvelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngokuhlakanipha uma kudingeka.
Izinambuzane ezivame ukuhlasela zifaka:
– Izimpukane zezithelo: zibangela ukubola nokuwa kwezithelo.
– Izithombo zesiqu/amagatsha: zenza isitshalo sibe buthaka.
– Ama-thrip nama-aphid: alimaza amaqabunga amancane nezimbali.
Izifo ezivame ukutholakala:
– I-Anthracnose (amabala amnyama emaqabunga, izimbali kanye nezithelo),
– Isikhunta esinophuphu,
– Ukubola kwezithelo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinomswakama.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zifaka phakathi ukuthena ukuze kuncishiswe umswakama wophahla, ukuhlanzwa kwensimu yezithelo (ukungcwaba izithelo ezibolile), kanye nokusebenzisa izithiyo zezimpukane zezithelo. Uma usebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane, qaphela umthamo, izikhawu, kanye nezikhathi zokuvuna ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwabathengi.
7. Ukuqhakaza, Ukuthela, Nokunciphisa
Ezitshalweni ezikhiqizayo, isigaba sokuqhakaza siyisihluthulelo sokukhiqiza. Uma izimbali ziminyene kakhulu, ezinye zingase ziwe ngokwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, kwezinye izimo, ukunciphisa izithelo kuyadingeka ukuze kukhiqizwe izithelo ezinkulu futhi kuncishiswe ukuphuka kwamagatsha. Ukunciphisa kuhilela ukukhetha izithelo ezinempilo nokususa noma yiziphi ezinephutha, eziminyene kakhulu, noma ezinobukhulu obungavamile.
8. Ukuvuna kanye Nokuvunwa Kwangemva Kokuvuna
Umango uvunwa uma ufika ezingeni lokuvuthwa elifanele izinjongo zokumaketha. Ezimakethe eziseduze, izithelo zingavunwa zivuthiwe kakhulu ukuze kube nokunambitheka okuhle. Uma uthunyelwa kude, zivunwa zisesigabeni sokuvuthwa ngokomzimba (zivuthiwe ngokwanele kodwa azikavuthwa kakhulu) ukuvimbela ukubola ngokushesha.
Izici ezijwayelekile zezithelo ezilungele ukuvunwa:
- Usayizi omkhulu ngokwezinhlobo,
– Isikhumba sibukeka sicwebezela,
– Imibala iqala ukushintsha (kuye ngokuthi ihlukahlukene kangakanani),
– Iphunga liqala ukunuka kwezinye izinhlobo.
Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngezikere zokuthena noma ngomshini wokusika, kungcono ukushiya inani elincane lesiqu ukuze kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwe-sap, okungalimaza isikhumba sesithelo. Izithelo eziwile kufanele zisuswe njengoba zisengozini yokuphuka nokubola ngokushesha.
Izigaba zangemuva kokuvuna zifaka:
- Ukuhlunga ngobukhulu nekhwalithi,
- Ukuhlanza udoti kanye nokungcola,
– Ukupakisha okuvikela izithelo ekushayweni,
– Ukugcina endaweni epholile futhi enomoya omuhle.
I-Penutup
Ukutshala umango kudinga ukukhuthala kanye nokuphathwa kwengadi okuhleliwe. Lokhu kuqala ngokukhetha izinhlobo nembewu ezinhle kakhulu, bese kuqhubeka nokulungiswa komhlaba kanye namasu okutshala afanele. Kuze kube sekugcinweni, okuhlanganisa umanyolo, ukuthena, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo okusekelwe ku-IPM. Ngemikhuba efanele yokulima, izitshalo zikamango zingakhiqiza isikhathi eside futhi zikhiqize izithelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu neziwusizo kwezomnotho. Umango awusiwo nje kuphela isithelo esidumile kodwa futhi uwumkhiqizo othembisayo kubalimi kanye namabhizinisi ezolimo kulo lonke elase-Indonesia.
