Ukutshalwa Kwezitshalo Zikabhanana
Ubhanana uyinto ethandwa kakhulu kwezolimo e-Indonesia. Ngaphandle kokutholakala kalula futhi uthandwa ngabantu abaningi, ubhanana nawo unenani eliphezulu kwezomnotho ngoba ungathengiswa usha noma ucutshungulwe ube yimikhiqizo ehlukahlukene efana nama-chips, ama-banana chips, i-compote, ufulawa webhanana, ngisho nezinto zokusetshenziswa embonini yokudla. Ukutshala ubhanana kulula kakhulu, kodwa isivuno esihle sidinga ukukhethwa kwembewu okufanele, ukuphathwa kahle komhlaba, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo okuhleliwe. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezigaba zokutshala ubhanana, kusukela ekulungiseleleni kuya ekuvunweni kanye nangemuva kokuvunwa.
1. Izimo Zokukhulisa Izitshalo Zikabhanana
Izitshalo zikabhanana zingakhula ezindaweni eziphansi kuya emaphakathi, ngokuvamile ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angu-0–1.200 ngaphezu kolwandle, yize ezinye izinhlobo zifaneleka kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile eziphakeme. Ubhanana ukhetha amazinga okushisa afudumele angaba ngu-25–30°C anemvula eyanele, esukela ku-1.500–2.500 mm ngonyaka. Inhlabathi ekahle ikhululekile, ivundile, inothile ngezinto eziphilayo, futhi ikhipha amanzi kahle. I-pH yenhlabathi enconywayo iphakathi kuka-5,5–7,0. Nakuba ubhanana udinga amanzi anele, amanzi amile angabangela ukubola kwezimpande futhi abhebhethekise izifo, ngakho gwema ukugcwala kwamanzi.
2. Ukukhethwa Kwezinhlobo Nembewu
Isinyathelo sokuqala ekunqumeni ukutshala okuphumelelayo ukukhetha izinhlobo. Ezinye izinhlobo zikabhanana ezivame ukutshalwa zifaka phakathi iCavendish, iRaja, iKepok, i-Ambon, iBarangan, kanye neTanduk. Ukukhetha izinhlobo kufanele kuhambisane nesidingo semakethe (ukusetshenziswa okusha noma okucutshunguliwe), izimo zenhlabathi, kanye nokumelana nezifo.
Izithombo zikabhanana zingatshalwa kusukela ezitshalweni zokutshala noma ekukhuleni kwezicubu. Izithombo zokutshala izicubu zivame ukunconywa ngezinjongo zokuhweba ngoba ziyafana, ziphilile, futhi azinazo izifo. Uma usebenzisa izithombo zokutshala, khetha izithombo ezinempilo ezivela kubazali abakhiqizayo, ezineziqu eziqinile, iziqu ezingalimele, futhi ezingenazo izimpawu zesifo njengokubuna noma amabala abucayi. Okungcono kakhulu, izithombo zokutshala inkemba zingcono kunezithombo zokutshala amanzi ngoba zinezimpande eziqinile.
3. Ukulungiswa Nokutshala Kwendawo
Ukulungiswa kwendawo kuqala ngokususa ukhula kanye nezinsalela zezitshalo. Uma indawo ithambekile, kufanele kudalwe ama-terrace noma ama-ridge ukuze kuncishiswe ukuguguleka komhlabathi. Imigodi yokutshala ivame ukuba ngu-50x50x50 cm kuya ku-60x60x60 cm, kuye ngokuvunda kwenhlabathi. Amabanga ajwayelekile okutshala aqala ku-2,5x2,5 m kuya ku-3x3 m, kodwa angalungiswa ngezinhlobo ezithile kanye nezinhlelo eziqinile. Isikhala esiseduze siphumela ekuvuneni okuphezulu ngehektha ngalinye, kodwa umanyolo kanye nokuphathwa komswakama kumele kulinganiswe ukuze kuvinjelwe izifo.
Umanyolo oyisisekelo ungaba ngu-10-20 kg womanyolo ovuthiwe ngomgodi ngamunye, kanye ne-lime yezolimo (i-dolomite) uma i-pH ine-acidic kakhulu. Hlanganisa umanyolo we-organic nomhlabathi ophezulu bese uwuyeka uhlale izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokutshala. Ukutshala kungcono kwenziwe ekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithombo aziswele amanzi. Tshala izithombo ziqonde phezulu, umboze izimpande ngenhlabathi kuze kuqine, bese uzinisela ngokulinganisela.
4. Ukunakekelwa Kwezitshalo
a. Ukuthunga kanye nokukhuhla ukhula
Ukutshala kabusha kwenziwa uma noma yiziphi izitshalo zifa noma zibonisa ukukhula okubi kakhulu, okungcono kakhulu ngemva kwenyanga eyodwa kuya kwezimbili zokutshala ukuqinisekisa ukukhula okufanayo. Ukutshala ukhula kufanele kwenziwe njalo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqala kokukhula. Ukhula lungancintisana ngezakhamzimba namanzi futhi lusebenze njengezindawo zokucasha izinambuzane.
b. Ukuvundisa
Ubhanana udinga ukuvundiswa njalo ngoba udinga amazinga aphezulu ezakhamzimba, ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen (N) ukuze kukhule izitshalo, i-phosphorus (P) yezimpande, kanye ne-potassium (K) ukuze kwakheke izithelo. Ukuvundiswa ngokuvamile kwenziwa kathathu kuya kane ngonyaka, kuye ngokuthi isitshalo sineminyaka emingaki kanye nezimo zenhlabathi. Inhlanganisela yamanyolo engokwemvelo kanye nengamakhemikhali ingcono kakhulu. Umanyolo ufakwa ngendlela eyindilinga uzungeze isitshalo, kude nesiqu esingama-pseudo, bese umbozwa ngenhlabathi ukuze uvimbele ukuthi ungakhukhulwa.
c. Ukunisela Nokukhipha Amanzi
Ngesikhathi sonyaka owomile, izitshalo zikabhanana zidinga ukuniselwa okwengeziwe, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwenhliziyo kanye nokuhluma kwezithelo. Kodwa-ke, ukumuncwa kwamanzi kubaluleke ngokulinganayo. Imisele yokudonsa amanzi kumele ifakwe ukuze kuvinjelwe amanzi emvula ukuthi angahlangani. Inhlabathi emanzi kakhulu ingabangela ukubuna nokubola.
d. Ukuncishiswa kwezithombo
Ihlumela likabhanana akufanele livunyelwe ukuthi likhiqize inzalo eningi kakhulu. Inzalo eningi kakhulu izonciphisa usayizi wezithelo ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwezakhamzimba. Ngokuvamile, eyodwa noma ezimbili zenzalo ezinhle kakhulu zigcinwa njengesizukulwane esilandelayo, kuyilapho ezinye zinqunywa. Uhlelo oluvamile "lomama-ingane-umzukulu" luhilela isitshalo esisodwa esithela izithelo, inzalo eyodwa enkulu njengengafakwa esikhundleni, kanye nenzalo encane njenge-backup.
e. Ukuthena Nokunakekela Izithelo
Amaqabunga amadala, omile, noma alimele kufanele asuswe ukuze angabi umthombo wezifo. Uma izingcezu ziphuma, izimbali zikabhanana zinganqunywa (kuye ngokuthi zinjani kanye nezidingo) ukuze kuncishiswe ukutheleleka yizinambuzane futhi kusizwe ekugcwaleni kwezithelo. Ekulimeni okujulile, izingcezu zivame ukugoqwa ngepulasitiki ekhethekile ukuvikela izithelo ekuklwebhekeni nasezinambuzaneni futhi kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yesikhumba.
5. Izinambuzane Nezifo Ezinkulu
Ezinye zezinambuzane eziyinhloko zikabhanana zifaka phakathi izibungu zamaqabunga, ama-thrip, kanye nama-weevil ebhanana. Ukulawula kungenziwa ngendlela ehlanganisiwe: ukuhlanzeka kwengadi, ukunqunywa kwezindawo ezithintekile, ukusetshenziswa kwezicupho, kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane uma ukutheleleka kuphezulu.
Izifo ezibalulekile zifaka:
– Ukubuna kwe-Fusarium (isifo sasePanama): okubonakala ngokuphuzi, ukubuna, kanye nokubola kwemithambo yegazi. Lesi sifo kunzima ukuselapha, ngakho-ke ukuvimbela kubalulekile: sebenzisa imbewu enempilo, izinhlobo ezimelana nezifo, ukujikeleza, futhi ugweme ukufakelwa inhlabathi ethelelekile.
– Isifo iSigatoka: amabala amaqabunga anciphisa i-photosynthesis. Ukulawula kuhilela ukuhlanzeka kwamaqabunga, ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo okufanelekile, kanye nokubulala isikhunta, uma kudingeka.
– Isifo sokubuna kwamagciwane: sibangela ukubuna kwamaqabunga, ukubola kwezithelo, kanye nokuba mnyama kwezicubu. Ukuvimbela kuhilela ukugcina imishini ihlanzekile, ukubhubhisa izitshalo ezigulayo, kanye nokulawula izinambuzane.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yi-Integrated Pest Management (IPM): ukubeka phambili ukuvimbela, ukuqapha njalo, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukuze kungalimazi imvelo futhi kungabangela ukumelana.
6. Ukuvuna kanye Nokuvunwa Kwangemva Kokuvuna
Ubhanana ngokuvamile uqala ukuthela izithelo ezinyangeni ezingu-8-12, kuye ngohlobo, imbewu, kanye nezimo zokutshala. Izimpawu zokuthi ubhanana usulungele ukuvunwa yilapho amakhona esithelo eqala ukuzungeza, efinyelela usayizi wawo ophezulu, futhi umbala wesikhumba oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uvame ukufiphala. Ukuvunwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela, njengoba isithelo siphuka kalula. Isiqu sinqunywa ngethuluzi elibukhali bese sehliswa kancane ukuze kugwenywe ukusiqhumisa.
Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuvuna ngemva kokuvunwa, ukuhlunga kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kusayizi, ukuvuthwa, kanye nesimo somzimba. Izithelo zingahlanzwa ukungcola bese zipakishwa ngokwesidingo semakethe. Ekuthunyelweni ibanga elide, ubhanana uvame ukuvunwa lapho usuvuthiwe ngokomzimba (useluhlaza) ukuvimbela ukubola ngokushesha. Ukugcinwa emazingeni okushisa apholile kanye nomoya omuhle kuzosiza ekwandiseni isikhathi sokuphila.
7. Ukuhlaziywa Kwebhizinisi Okufushane kanye Namathuba
Ukutshalwa kwebhanana kunikeza amathuba athembisayo ngenxa yesidingo esizinzile semakethe. Inani elengeziwe lingakhuliswa ngokucubungula, ukubambisana nabaqoqi noma abathengisi besimanje, ngisho nokuthuthukiswa kwezokuvakasha kwezolimo emasimini kabhanana. Isihluthulelo sempumelelo yebhizinisi sisekukhetheni izinhlobo ezifanele imakethe, ikhwalithi eqhubekayo, kanye nokuphathwa kwezitshalo okuhlelekile.
I-Penutup
Ukutshala ubhanana kungaba yibhizinisi lezolimo elinenzuzo uma lisetshenziswa ngamasu afanele. Ukukhetha imbewu engcono kakhulu, ukulungiswa komhlaba, ukunakekelwa okuvamile, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo okuhlanganisiwe konke kudlala indima ekunqumeni umkhiqizo wezithelo kanye nekhwalithi. Ngokuhlela okufanele nokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo, ukutshala ubhanana kungakhiqiza isivuno esiqhubekayo futhi kuhlinzeke ngemali engenayo ezinzile kokubili kubalimi kanye namabhizinisi ezolimo.
