Ukutshalwa Kwezitshalo zeGuava
I-guava (i-Psidium guajava) iyisithelo esidumile sasezindaweni ezishisayo ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo okuqabulayo, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-vitamin C, kanye namathuba emakethe abanzi. Lesi sitshalo singatshalwa kokubili ezingadini zasekhaya kanye nasesilinganisweni esikhulu, njengoba kulula ukusinakekela futhi sivumelana nezimo ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Ukuze kutholakale isivuno esiphezulu - kokubili ngobuningi kanye nekhwalithi - ukutshalwa kwe-guava kudinga amasu afanele, kusukela ekukhetheni imbewu kuya ekuvunweni ngemva kokuvunwa.
1. Yazi izimo zokutshala amagwava
Igwava likhula kahle kakhulu ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo ezinamazinga okushisa acishe abe ngu-23–30°C. Lesi sitshalo sithanda ukukhanya kwelanga okugcwele, njengoba ukukhanya okwanele kuzothinta ukuqhakaza nokwakheka kwezithelo. Imvula efanelekile isukela ku-1.000–2.000 mm ngonyaka, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okuhle ukuvimbela ukubola kwezimpande ngenxa yokugcwala kwamanzi.
Igwava lingakhula ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zenhlabathi, kodwa likhula kahle kakhulu enhlabathini evundile, enesihlabathi esicebile ngezinto eziphilayo. I-pH efanelekile yenhlabathi iphakathi kuka-5,5 no-7,0. Uma inhlabathi ine-asidi kakhulu, kungasetshenziswa i-lime ukuze kulungiswe i-pH futhi kwandiswe ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba.
2. Ukukhethwa Kwezinhlobo Ezinhle Kakhulu
Impumelelo yokulima ithonywa kakhulu uhlobo olukhethiwe. Ezinye izinhlobo zamagwava ezidumile e-Indonesia zifaka phakathi amagwava ekristalu (inyama ejiyile, imbewu embalwa), amagwava abomvu (okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-lycopene, iphunga elinamandla), kanye nezinhlobo zendawo ezivumelaniswe nezindawo ezithile. Izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ngokuvamile zinezici ezilandelayo: ukukhiqiza okuphezulu, izithelo ezifanayo, ukunambitheka okumnandi, kanye nokumelana okuhlobene nezinambuzane nezifo.
Kwabalimi abafuna imakethe entsha, i-crystal guava ivame ukuba yindlela yokukhetha ngenxa yokuthungwa kwayo okuqinile kanye nokukhanga kwabathengi. Okwamanje, i-red guava ifunwa kakhulu ngamajusi, ukudla okucutshunguliwe, kanye nemikhiqizo yezempilo.
3. Ukusabalala Kwezitshalo: Okukhiqizayo Nokutshala Izitshalo
Igwava ingasakazwa ngokukhiqiza (kusukela ezinhlanyelweni) noma ngokutshala (ukuxhunyelelwa, ukuhluma, noma ukuxhunyelelwa). Ukusakazwa kwembewu kulula, kodwa imiphumela ivame ukungaguquguquki futhi ukuthela kuthatha isikhathi eside. Ekulimeni kwezentengiselwano, ukusakazwa kwezitshalo kuyathandwa ngoba kugcina izici ezinhle zesitshalo esingumzali futhi izitshalo zivame ukuthela izithelo ngokushesha.
– Ukuxhunyelelwa: Okusebenzayo futhi okusheshayo, okufanelekela ukutshalwa ngezinga elincane. Kodwa-ke, izimpande ezixhunyelelwe ngezinye izikhathi aziqinile kangako kunezo ezixhunyelelwe.
– Ukuxhunyelelwa noma ukuhluma: Kusetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni zokukhulisa izitshalo zobungcweti. Kuphumela ezimpandeni eziqinile kanye nokukhula kwezitshalo okuzinzile.
– Ukusika: Kungenziwa, kodwa izinga lempumelelo lincike ezinhlobonhlobo kanye nezimo zemvelo.
Khetha izithombo ezinempilo ezineziqu eziqinile, amaqabunga aluhlaza amasha, ezingenazo izinambuzane, kanye nesistimu enhle yezimpande. Izithombo zivame ukulungela ukutshalwa uma sezinezinyanga ezingu-4-8 ubudala (zezithombo ezihlanganisiwe/ezihlume), kuye ngezimo zokukhula.
4. Ukulungiswa Nokutshala Kwendawo
Ukulungiswa komhlaba kuqala ngokususwa kokhula, ukutshalwa kwenhlabathi, kanye nokumba imigodi yokutshala. Ubukhulu obujwayelekile bemigodi yokutshala bungu-50x50x50 cm noma u-60x60x60 cm. Inhlabathi engaphezulu evubukuliwe iyahlukaniswa bese ixutshwa nomquba ovuthiwe (10-20 kg ngomgodi ngamunye) kanye nomquba. Uma kudingeka, engeza i-dolomite ukuze unciphise i-pH.
Isikhala sokutshala sincike ohlelweni lokulima. Ezingadini eziqinile, isikhala esingamamitha angu-3x3 noma angu-4x4 sivame ukusetshenziswa. Isikhala esiseduze singandisa inani lezitshalo ngehektha ngalinye, kodwa sidinga ukuthenwa njalo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhula ngokweqile nokugcina ukuhamba kahle komoya.
Ukutshala kufanele kwenziwe ekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula ukuze kugwenywe ukucindezeleka kwesomiso. Uma utshala, dabula ngokucophelela isikhwama se-polybag ukuze ugweme ukulimaza izimpande, faka isithombo emgodini, bese usimboza ngengxube yenhlabathi nomanyolo we-organic. Qinisa kancane bese wenza umsele omncane wokugcina amanzi.
5. Ukunakekelwa: Ukunisela, Ukususa Ukhula, Nokufaka Umanyolo
Ukunisela
Ezigabeni zokuqala, igwava idinga ukuniselwa njalo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sesomiso. Uma isitshalo sesisikhulu ngokwanele, ukunisela kungancishiswa, kodwa kuhlala kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezimbali nokukhula kwezithelo ukuvimbela ukuwa kwezithelo nokukhulisa usayizi wazo.
Ukususa Ukhula Nokumboza Izitshalo
Ukhula lungancintisana ngamanzi kanye nezakhamzimba. Lukhula njalo, ikakhulukazi eduze kwesisekelo sesitshalo. Ukusebenzisa i-mulch yemvelo (utshani, amaqabunga omile, amakhoba elayisi) kusiza ekugcineni umswakama wenhlabathi, kucindezele ukhula, futhi kuthuthukise isakhiwo senhlabathi.
Ukuvundisa
Ukuvundisa kungenziwa ngendlela elinganiselayo: okungokwemvelo njengesisekelo, okunezelwa ngomanyolo ongaphili njengoba kudingeka. Umquba noma umquba kufakwa kanye noma kabili ngonyaka. Kumanyolo we-NPK, umthamo ulungiswa ngokuya ngobudala besitshalo. Izitshalo ezincane zidinga i-nitrogen ukuze zikhule kahle, kanti izitshalo ezikhiqizayo zidinga amazinga aphezulu e-phosphorus ne-potassium ukuze ziqhakaze futhi zikhiqize izithelo.
Njengesiqondiso esijwayelekile, umanyolo wenziwa izikhathi ezi-3-4 ngonyaka ngokuwuhlwanyela ngesiyingi ngaphansi kophahla (umugqa wokuconsa), bese uwumboza ngenhlabathi bese uwunisela.
6. Ukuthena Ukuze Kukhuthazwe Ukukhiqiza
Ukuthena kuyisihluthulelo sokutshala amagwava ngokujulile. Inhloso yawo ukwakha uphahla, ukulawula ukujikeleza komoya, ukukhuthaza amahlumela akhiqizayo, kanye nokwenza kube lula ukunakekela nokuvuna. Ukuthena kwenziwa ezitshalweni ezincane ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula kwamagatsha, kulandelwe ukunakekela nokukhiqiza ukuthena.
Amagatsha okufanele anqunywe afaka phakathi lawo omile, anesifo, awela, noma akhule ngokweqile. Ngemva kokuvuna, kungenziwa ukunqunywa okuncane ukuze kukhuthazwe amahlumela amasha ukuthi akhe imbali elandelayo.
7. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Izinambuzane ezivame ukuhlasela amagwava zifaka phakathi izimpukane zezithelo, ama-mealybug, amacimbi, kanye nama-thrip. Izimpukane zezithelo ziyingozi enkulu ngoba zingabangela ukuthi izithelo zibole futhi ziwe. Ukuvimbela kungatholakala ngokuhlanzeka kwengadi, ukubamba (isibonelo, nge-methyl eugenol yezimpukane zezithelo zesilisa), kanye nokugoqa izithelo.
Izifo ezivamile zifaka phakathi i-anthracnose (amabala amnyama ezithelweni/emaqabungeni), ukubola kwezimpande, kanye nesikhunta samaqabunga. Ukulawula kwenziwa ngendlela ehlanganisiwe: ukukhetha izithombo ezinempilo, ukuvimbela umswakama owedlulele engadini, ukuthena izindawo ezithintekile, nokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane noma izibulala-zinambuzane zezitshalo uma kudingeka. Izimiso Zokuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Ezihlanganisiwe (IPM) zinconywa kakhulu: ukubeka phambili ukuvimbela, ukuhlanzeka, kanye nokuqapha njalo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali.
8. Ukupakisha Izithelo (Ukufaka Izikhwama)
Ukugoqa izithelo kusetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-crystal guava ukukhiqiza izithelo ezibushelelezi, ukunciphisa ukutheleleka kwezimpukane zezithelo, nokwandisa inani lemakethe. Ukugoqa kwenziwa lapho izithelo zingangemabula noma iqanda lezigwaca. Sebenzisa izikhwama zamaphepha, ipulasitiki enezimbobo, noma izinto ezikhethekile ezivumela ukuhamba komoya. Qinisekisa ukuthi izithelo azimanzi kakhulu ukuvimbela ukukhula kwesikhunta.
9. Ukuvuna kanye Nokuvunwa Kwangemva Kokuvuna
Igwava ngokuvamile iqala ukuthela izithelo eminyakeni eyi-1,5–2,5 yezithombo ezikhula ezitshalweni, kuye ngokunakekelwa kanye nohlobo. Izithelo ezilungele ukuvunwa ziboniswa ngobukhulu bazo obukhulu, isikhumba siphenduka siphuzi noma sibe luhlaza okotshani (kuye ngokuthi uhlobo luni), kanye nephunga elinamandla. Ukuvunwa kwenziwa ngezikere zokuthena ukuze kungalimazi isikhumba sesithelo.
Ngemva kokuvuna, hlunga izithelo ngobukhulu nangekhwalithi, bese uzigcina endaweni epholile, enomoya omuhle. Ukuze uthuthe ibanga elide, sebenzisa ukupakishwa okuvikela izithelo ekushayweni. Ukuphathwa kahle ngemva kokuvunwa kuzonciphisa ukulahleka futhi kugcine ukusha, okuholela entengo yokuthengisa ephezulu.
10. Amathuba Ebhizinisi kanye Nesiphetho
Ukutshalwa kwegwava kunikeza amathuba athembisayo ngenxa yokufunwa okuqhubekayo kwemakethe, kokubili kokusetshenziswa okusha kanye nemikhiqizo ecutshungulwayo efana nejusi, ujamu, ama-preserve, kanye nemikhiqizo yamakhambi. Isihluthulelo sokutshalwa ngempumelelo sisekukhetheni izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu, ukusebenzisa imbewu esezingeni eliphezulu, ukuthena njalo, umanyolo olinganiselayo, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo okuhlanganisiwe.
Ngamasu okulima afanele, igwava ingaba umthombo ozinzile wemali engenayo kubalimi kanye nokukhetha isivuno esikhiqizayo sezingadi. Ngaphandle kokunikeza izinzuzo zomnotho, lesi sitshalo siphinde sisekele ukuvikeleka kokudla futhi sinikeze izithelo ezinomsoco emphakathini.
