Ukulima Izitshalo zaseRambutan
I-Rambutan (i-Nephelium lappaceum) iyisithelo esithandwayo sasezindaweni ezishisayo e-Indonesia. Inokunambitheka okumnandi, iphunga elihlukile, kanye nesidingo esizinzile, kokubili ekusetshenzisweni kwasekhaya kanye nasemakethe yesimanje. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-rambutan ifanelekela ukutshalwa ezindaweni eziningi ezishisayo ezinomswakama. Ukuze uthole isivuno esihle, ukutshalwa kwe-rambutan kudinga ukukhethwa kwembewu okufanele, ukuphathwa komhlaba, umanyolo ojwayelekile, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo ngokuhlakanipha. Nasi isifinyezo esiphelele sokutshalwa kwe-rambutan kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekuvunweni.
1. Izimo Zokukhula Kwezitshalo Ze-Rambutan
I-Rambutan ikhula kahle ezindaweni eziphansi kuya ezindaweni eziphakathi, ngokuvamile ezindaweni eziphakeme ngamamitha angu-0–700 ngaphezu kolwandle, yize ezinye izinhlobo zingazivumelanisa nezindawo eziphakeme. Lesi sitshalo sithanda amazinga okushisa afudumele angaba ngu-22–32°C anomswakama ophezulu. Imvula efanelekile isukela ku-1.500–3.000 mm ngonyaka, isatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo zisadinga izikhathi ezimfushane zesomiso ukuze zikhuthaze ukuqhakaza kwezimbali.
Ngokuphathelene nomhlabathi, i-rambutan idinga inhlabathi ekhululekile, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo enokudonsa amanzi kahle. I-pH efanelekile yomhlabathi isukela ku-5,5 kuya ku-6,5. Umhlabathi one-asidi kakhulu ungathuthukiswa ngokufakwa kwe-lime, kuyilapho inhlabathi yobumba esindayo kufanele ibe nezimbobo zayo ezikhuliswe ngezinto eziphilayo ukuvimbela ukubola kwezimpande.
2. Ukukhethwa Kwezinhlobo Nembewu
Impumelelo yensimu yezithelo ze-rambutan inqunywa kakhulu yizinhlobonhlobo kanye nekhwalithi yezithombo. Izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu ngokuvamile zinenyama ejiyile, imbewu encane, ukunambitheka okumnandi, kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu. Izinhlobo ezidumile e-Indonesia zifaka phakathi i-Rambutan Rapiah, i-Binjai, i-Sinyonya, kanye ne-Aceh. Ukukhetha izinhlobo kufanele kuhambisane nokunambitheka kwemakethe yendawo kanye nezimo zesifunda.
Izithombo zeRambutan zingatshalwa ngembewu, izithombo ezihlanganisiwe, ukuhluma, noma ukuhluma. Ukuze kulinywe kakhulu futhi kutholakale isivuno esifanayo, izithombo ezikhula ngezitshalo (ezihlanganisiwe noma ezihlumayo) ziyathandwa ngoba zithela izithelo ngokushesha futhi zilingisa izici zomzali ongcono. Izithombo zivame ukuthatha isikhathi eside ukukhiqiza izithelo futhi zikhiqize ikhwalithi yezithelo engaguquki.
Izici zezithombo ezinhle zifaka: iziqu eziqinile, amaqabunga aluhlaza amasha, ukukhululeka ezilokazaneni nasezifweni, izimpande eziqinile (ezingasontekile), futhi zivela kumfuyi odumile. Okungcono kakhulu, izithombo kufanele zibe nezinyanga ezingu-8-18 ubudala futhi zibe cishe ngamasentimitha angu-60-120 ubude ngaphambi kokutshalwa ensimini.
3. Ukulungiswa Nokutshala Kwendawo
Ukulungiswa kwendawo kuqala ngokususa ukhula, izihlahla, kanye nemfucumfucu yezitshalo equkethe izinambuzane. Uma ingadi izotshalwa ngezihlahla eziningi, hlela ibanga lokutshala. Amabanga ajwayelekile okutshala ezihlahla ze-rambutan aqala kumamitha angu-8 x 8 kuya kwangu-10 x 10, kuye ngokuthi inhlabathi ivundile futhi iyakwazi ukuthena. Isikhala esanele sibalulekile ukuze kube nokukhanya kwelanga okulinganayo kanye nokugeleza komoya okuhle, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ingozi yezifo.
Imigodi yokutshala kufanele ibe ngu-60 x 60 x 60 cm noma ibe nkulu enhlabathini engavundile kakhulu. Hlukanisa inhlabathi engaphezulu evutshiwe nenhlabathi engaphansi. Hlanganisa inhlabathi engaphezulu nomquba ovuthiwe (10-20 kg ngomgodi ngamunye), umquba, futhi, uma kudingeka, i-dolomite encane ukuze uzinzise i-pH. Shiya imbobo yokutshala ivulekile amasonto angu-1-2 ukuze uvumele amagesi anobuthi aphele kanye nendawo yokutshala ukuze ilungiselele.
Ukutshala kufanele kwenziwe ekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithombo azisweli amanzi. Tshala izithombo ngokucophelela, ususe isikhwama se-polybag ngaphandle kokulimaza izimpande. Ikhola yezimpande kufanele ilingane nobuso bomhlabathi. Ngemva kwalokho, cindezela inhlabathi ngokwanele, dala idiski encane yokuqoqa amanzi, bese unisela.
4. Ukunakekelwa Kwezitshalo: Ukunisela, Ukususa Ukhula, Nokumboza Izitshalo
Esigabeni sokuqala, ama-rambutan adinga amanzi anele ukuze akhule ngokushesha ezitshalweni. Ukunisela kufanele kwenziwe njalo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sesomiso. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukhula oluzungeze indawo yokutshala luyadingeka, njengoba ukhula luncintisana ngezakhamzimba futhi lungagcina izinambuzane.
Kunconywa kakhulu ukusebenzisa i-mulch yemvelo (utshani, amaqabunga omile, umquba ocutshungulwe kancane). I-mulch isiza ukugcina umswakama wenhlabathi, icindezela ukhula, futhi ithuthukise isakhiwo senhlabathi njengoba ibola. Kodwa-ke, i-mulch akufanele ifakwe ngqo esiqwini ukuvimbela isikhunta nokubola.
5. Ukufaka Umanyolo Wokukhula Nokukhiqiza
Umanyolo we-Rambutan udinga ukulungiswa ngokweminyaka yesitshalo kanye nezimo zenhlabathi. Izitshalo ezincane zigxila ekukhuleni komqhele kanye nezimpande, ngakho-ke izidingo ze-nitrogen ziphakeme kakhulu. Njengoba isitshalo singena esigabeni sokukhiqiza (ukuqhakaza nokuthela), izidingo ze-potassium ne-phosphorus ziyanda ukuze zisekele ukwakheka kwezimbali, ukuthela izithelo kanye nekhwalithi yezithelo.
Ngokuvamile, umanyolo wemvelo njengomanyolo ovuthiwe noma umquba kufanele usetshenziswe okungenani kanye noma kabili ngonyaka. Umanyolo wemvelo (i-NPK noma umanyolo owodwa) ungasetshenziswa ngezigaba eziningana, isibonelo, ekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula nangemva kokuvuna. Umanyolo kufanele wenziwe ngendlela eyindilinga, kulandelwa ukuvela kophahla (umugqa wokuconsa), njengoba kulapho kutholakala khona izimpande ezimunca kakhulu.
Ukuze uthole imiphumela enembile, abalimi bayelulekwa ukuthi benze ukuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi. Ngale ndlela, imithamo kamanyolo ingasebenza kahle kakhulu futhi igweme ukuyidla ngokweqile. Ukufaka umanyolo nge-nitrogen eningi kakhulu, isibonelo, kungabangela izitshalo eziluhlaza kodwa ziqhakaze kancane.
6. Ukuthena Nokubumba Umqhele
Ukuthena kubalulekile ekusunguleni uhlaka oluqinile lwesihlahla, ukwenza kube lula ukugcinwa kwaso, kanye nokwandisa umkhiqizo. Ngesikhathi sesigaba esisesincane, nquma ngendlela yokwakha ngokukhetha amagatsha ambalwa ayisisekelo alinganayo. Amagatsha akhula phansi kakhulu, awela omunye komunye, noma akhula angene ngaphakathi kophahla kufanele anqunywe.
Ezitshalweni ezikhiqizayo, ukucheba okusimeme kwenziwa ngemva kokuvuna ngokususa amagatsha amadala, anesifo, kanye nemiqhele emide kakhulu. Imiqhele emide kakhulu idala umswakama ophezulu futhi ikhuthaza izifo, kanye nokunciphisa ukungena kokukhanya okudingekayo ukuze kuqhakaze futhi kuvuthwe izithelo.
7. Ukuqhakaza, Ukuthela, kanye Nokunciphisa Izithelo
AmaRambutan ngokuvamile aqala ukuthela izithelo eneminyaka engu-3-5 ubudala uma exhunyelelwa/ehlume, kanti izitshalo zembewu zingathatha isikhathi eside. Ukuqhakaza kwezimbali kuthonywa ukuhlukahluka, isimo sezulu, kanye nesimo sokudla kwesitshalo. Ezinye izingadi zinikeza ukucindezeleka kwamanzi okuncane (ukunisela okuncishisiwe) ngaphambi kwesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezimbali, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukugwema ukulimaza isitshalo.
Njengoba izithelo ziqala ukwakheka, ukuncishiswa kungenziwa uma amaqoqo exinene kakhulu. Umgomo ukukhiqiza izithelo ezinkulu, isikhumba esikhangayo, futhi kungaphuki kalula amagatsha ngenxa yesisindo esiningi. Ukuncishiswa kusiza futhi ukunciphisa ukutheleleka kwezinambuzane, okuvame ukwanda ngezithelo ezigcwele kakhulu.
8. Izinambuzane Nezifo Ezivame Ukuhlasela
Ezinye izinambuzane ezivame kakhulu kuma-rambutan zifaka phakathi ama-mealybugs, ama-aphid, ama-stem borer, kanye nama-circuit adla amaqabunga. Ama-aphid angabangela ukugoba kwamaqabunga futhi avimbele ukukhula, kuyilapho ama-stem borer eyingozi ngoba alimaza izicubu zokhuni futhi angabulala isitshalo uma sibi kakhulu.
Izifo ezivamile zifaka phakathi isikhunta emaqabungeni nasezithelo, ukubola kwezimpande enhlabathini egcwele amanzi, kanye namabala amaqabunga. Ukuvimbela okungcono kakhulu ukugcina ingadi ihlanzekile, ukulawula izikhala zezitshalo, ukucheba imiqhele, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ayageleza kahle.
Ukulawula kufanele kusebenzise izimiso Zokuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Ezihlanganisiwe (IPM): ukuqapha njalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezitha zemvelo, ukuhlanzeka kwengadi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuphela uma kudingeka futhi ngemithamo efanele. Le ndlela ingabizi kakhulu futhi inomthelela ophansi emvelweni.
9. Ukuvunwa kweRambutan kanye nokuVunwa Kwangemva Kokuvunwa
AmaRambutan avunwa lapho esevuthiwe ngokomzimba, abonakala ngombala wesikhumba okhanyayo (obomvu noma ophuzi obomvu) ngokwezinhlobo, izinwele zezithelo ezintsha, kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi. Ukuvuna kwenziwa ngezikele zokuthena noma ummese obukhali, ngokuvamile ngokusika inqwaba kanye nengxenye encane yesiqu ukuvimbela izithelo ukuba zingonakali ngokushesha.
Izithelo ze-Rambutan zivame ukuwohloka uma zigcinwa isikhathi eside kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngoba izinwele zazo ziyabuna ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa ngemva kokuvunwa kudinga ukunakwa ekuhlanzekeni, ukuhlunga ngobukhulu nokuvuthwa, kanye nokupakishwa okufanele. Ukugcinwa emazingeni okushisa apholile kungandisa isikhathi sokusha, ikakhulukazi ukusatshalaliswa kude.
10. Amathuba Ebhizinisi Namathiphu Empumelelo
Ukutshalwa kwe-rambutan kunikeza amandla amahle kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi uma kuphathwa ngokujulile futhi kuxhunywe emakethe. Abalimi bangandisa inani labo lokuthengisa ngokukhetha izinhlobo ze-premium, ukusebenzisa amazinga okuhlunga, nokuzithengisa emaphaketheni amahle. Ngaphandle kwezithelo ezintsha, i-rambutan inamandla okucutshungulwa ibe yizigcini, amajusi, noma imikhiqizo eqandisiwe.
Izihluthulelo zokutshala ama-rambutan ngempumelelo ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo, umanyolo olinganiselayo, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kusenesikhathi, kanye nokuthena njalo. Ngokuphathwa kahle kwengadi yezithelo, izihlahla zama-rambutan zinganikeza umthombo wemali oqhubekayo iminyaka ezayo, njengoba zikhiqiza isikhathi eside.
I-Penutup
Ukutshala ama-rambutan akukhona nje ukutshala nokulinda isivuno; kudinga ukuhlela nokunakekelwa ngokucophelela, kusukela ekukhetheni imbewu kuze kube ngemva kokuvunwa. Ngokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokukhula, ukusebenzisa imbewu engcono kakhulu, ukusebenzisa umanyolo ofanele kanye nokuthena, kanye nokusebenzisa ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe, abalimi bangafinyelela ama-rambutan amnandi, anempilo, futhi anenani eliphezulu. I-rambutan, isithelo esiziqhenyayo sasezindaweni ezishisayo, ifanelwe kahle ukuba yimpahla ehamba phambili ezingadini zase-Indonesia.
