Ukutshalwa Kwezitshalo zeSoursop
I-Soursop (i-Annona muricata) iyisithelo sasezindaweni ezishisayo esithandwa kakhulu e-Indonesia. Isithelo saso saziwa ngokunambitheka kwaso okumnandi nokumuncu kanye nephunga elihlukile, futhi singacutshungulwa sibe imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene njengejusi, i-dodol (irayisi elinamathelayo elinoshukela), ijamu, isiraphu, ngisho ne-ayisikhilimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isidingo se-soursop sivame ukuba sizinzile ngoba singadliwa sisha noma njengento eluhlaza yezimboni zasekhaya. Njengoba sinikezwe leli thuba, ukutshalwa kwe-soursop kungaba yithuba elikhangayo kubalimi nakubalimi abancane. Ukuze kutholakale imiphumela emihle, ukuqonda izimo zokukhula, amasu okutshala, ukunakekelwa, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kubalulekile.
1. Ukwazi Isitshalo iSoursop
I-Soursop iyisitshalo esihlala isikhathi eside esingakhula njengomuthi omncane kuya kophakathi. Singakhula sibe ngamamitha angu-3-10 ubude, kuye ngohlobo kanye nokuphathwa. Sinamaqabunga aluhlaza okotshani acwebezelayo, kuvela izimbali esiqwini noma emagatsheni amadala, kanti isithelo siyisiyingi esinesikhumba esithambile nesinomgogodla. I-Soursop ingathela izithelo unyaka wonke ezindaweni ezishisayo, kodwa ngokuvamile inesikhathi sokuvuna esiphezulu, kuye ngokuthi imvula injani kanye nokunakekelwa kwengadi.
2. Izimo Zokukhula Nokulungiswa Kwendawo
Ukutshala i-soursop ngempumelelo kunqunywa kakhulu yindawo efanele yokukhula. Ngokuvamile, i-soursop ithanda isimo sezulu esifudumele esinokukhanya kwelanga okwanele.
a. Isimo sezulu kanye nokuphakama
I-Soursop ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinamazinga okushisa asukela ku-22–32°C. Ingatshalwa ezindaweni eziphakeme eziphansi kuya kweziphakathi, cishe ngamamitha angu-0–800 ngaphezu kolwandle, yize ngokuvamile ikhiqiza kakhulu ezindaweni eziphansi ezifudumele.
b. Imvula kanye nomswakama
Imvula ekahle iphakathi kuka-1.000–2.500 mm ngonyaka. I-Soursop idinga amanzi anele kodwa ayithandi ukugcwala kwamanzi. Ngesikhathi sezikhathi zesomiso ezinde, ukunisela okwengeziwe kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukucindezeleka kwezitshalo nokuvimbela ukuqhakaza kwezimbali ukuthi kuphazamiseke.
c. Umhlaba
I-Soursop ingakhula ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zenhlabathi, kodwa ikhula kahle kakhulu endaweni evulekile, evundile, enesihlabathi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okuhle. I-pH efanelekile yenhlabathi isukela ku-5,5 kuya ku-6,5. Uma inhlabathi ine-asidi kakhulu, kungasetshenziswa i-lime; uma incane kakhulu, idinga ukwelashwa bese kwengezwa izinto eziphilayo.
d. Ukulungiswa komhlaba
Insimu ihlanzwa ukhula kanye nemfucumfucu yezitshalo. Uma kutshalwa esikalini sengadi, kufanele kufakwe imisele yokukhipha amanzi ukuze kuvinjelwe izimpande ukuthi zingagcwali ngesikhathi semvula. Ukutshalwa kwenhlabathi kwenziwa ukuze kukhululeke inhlabathi futhi kusize ekukhuleni kwezimpande. Ukwengezwa komquba ovuthiwe noma umquba kubalulekile ukuze kwandiswe ukuvunda kwenhlabathi kanye nomsebenzi wamagciwane.
3. Ukusabalala Kwezitshalo zeSoursop
I-Soursop ingasakazwa ngembewu noma ngokuyitshala, njengokufaka noma ukuhluma. Indlela yokusakazwa izothinta ijubane lokuthela kanye nokufana kwezici zesitshalo.
a. Ukusabalala ngembewu
Le ndlela ilula futhi ayibizi kakhulu, kodwa inkinga ukuthi izitshalo zivame ukuba nezici eziguquguqukayo futhi zithatha isikhathi eside ukuthela izithelo. Imbewu ithathwa ezithelweni ezivuthiwe, igezwe, bese yomiswa emoyeni. Ukuhlwanyela kungenziwa ngengxube yenhlabathi, isihlabathi, kanye nomquba. Uma izithombo sezinezinyanga ezi-2-3 ubudala noma sezikhule amaqabunga amaningana, zingadluliselwa ezikhwameni ezinkulu ngaphambi kokutshalwa ensimini.
b. Ukusabalala kwezitshalo (ukuxhunyelelwa)
Le ndlela inconywa ekulimeni okukhiqizayo ngoba ikhiqiza izitshalo ezinezimpawu ezifanayo nezomzali ongcono futhi ngokuvamile ikhiqiza izithelo ngokushesha. Impande ingatholakala embewini enempilo, kuyilapho i-scion ikhethwa esihlahleni somzali okhiqizayo, othela izithelo, futhi omelana nezifo. Izithombo ezixhunyelelwe zivame ukuqhakaza futhi zithele izithelo ngokushesha kunezithombo ezikhiqizayo.
4. Amasu Okutshala
Ukutshala kufanele kwenziwe ekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamanzi anele kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokushesha kwezithombo. Kodwa-ke, uma ukunisela kutholakala, ukutshala kungenziwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
a. Ibanga lokutshala
Ibanga elijwayelekile lokutshala i-soursop lingama-4 x 4 amamitha noma ama-5 x 5 amamitha, kuye ngokuvunda kwenhlabathi kanye nendlela yokuthena. Isikhala esibanzi sinciphisa umswakama owedlulele futhi senza kube lula ukugcinwa nokuvuna.
b. Ukwenza imigodi yokutshala
Umgodi wokutshala umbiwa cishe ngo-50 x 50 x 50 cm. Hlukanisa inhlabathi engaphezulu nephansi. Hlanganisa inhlabathi engaphezulu nomquba noma umquba ovuthiwe (isibonelo, 10-20 kg ngomgodi ngamunye), bese ufaka i-dolomite encane uma inhlabathi ine-asidi. Shiya umgodi izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze uvumele amagesi anobuthi aphele kanye nendawo yokutshala izinze.
c. Ukutshala imbewu
Tshala izithombo ngokucophelela ukuze ugweme ukulimaza izimpande. Uma usebenzisa isikhwama sepulasitiki, susa ipulasitiki kancane. Cindezela inhlabathi kancane ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isitshalo simi kahle endaweni yaso, bese unisela kancane. Ezindaweni ezishisayo, izithombo ezincane kufanele zifakwe umthunzi okwesikhashana ukuze zivimbele ukubuna.
5. Ukunakekelwa Kwezitshalo
Ukuze izitshalo ze-soursop zikhule kahle futhi zikhiqize, ukunakekelwa kumele kwenziwe njalo, okuhlanganisa ukuchelela, ukufaka umquba, ukuhlanza ukhula, ukucheba, kanye nokulawula ukuqhakaza kwezimbali.
a. Ukunisela
Ngesikhathi sokuqala sokutshala, nisela kaningi, ikakhulukazi uma imvula ingekho. Uma izitshalo sezinkulu, ukunisela kusadingeka ngezikhathi zesomiso eside. Ukucindezeleka kwamanzi kungabangela ukuwa kwezimbali kanye nezithelo ezincane.
b. Ukususa ukhula nokuxegisa
Ukhula oluzungeze izitshalo kufanele lususwe ngoba luncintisana ngezakhamzimba futhi lungagcina izinambuzane. Khulula inhlabathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umoya ungena kahle, kodwa gwema ukulimaza izimpande. I-mulch yemvelo (utshani noma amaqabunga omile) ingasiza ekugcineni umswakama wenhlabathi futhi icindezele ukhula.
c. Ukuvundisa
Umanyolo kufanele uhlanganise umanyolo wemvelo kanye nomanyolo wemvelo. Umquba noma umquba kufanele usetshenziswe okungenani kanye noma kabili ngonyaka. Umanyolo we-NPK ungasetshenziswa ngokuya ngobudala besitshalo:
– Izitshalo ezincane zidinga i-nitrogen eningi ukuze zikhule kahle.
– Lapho kuqala ukuqhakaza nokuthela izithelo, isidingo se-phosphorus ne-potassium siyanda ukuze kusekelwe izimbali, ukwakheka kwezithelo, kanye nekhwalithi yokunambitheka.
Isikhathi esifanele sokuvundisa sisekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula nangaphambi kokuqhakaza. Umanyolo kufanele ufakwe ngendlela ejikelezayo ngaphansi komqhele, hhayi ngqo phansi kwesiqu.
d. Ukuthena
Ukuthena kubalulekile ekwakheni ikhava, ukwandisa ukukhanya, ukunciphisa umswakama, nokukhuthaza ukuqhakaza kwezimbali. Thena amagatsha aminyene kakhulu, omile, noma anesifo. Isitshalo esinokhava oluhlanzekile sizoba lula ukusivuna futhi sibe nempilo enhle ngenxa yokujikeleza komoya okungcono.
e. Ukunciphisa izithelo
Uma kunezimbali noma izithelo eziningi kakhulu, isitshalo singakhiqiza izithelo ezincane. Ukunciphisa kuhilela ukushiya izithelo ezinhle kakhulu nezinempilo, okuvumela izakhamzimba ukuthi zigxile ezithelweni ezisele. Lokhu kungandisa usayizi kanye nekhwalithi yesivuno.
6. Izinambuzane Nezifo Nokulawulwa Kwazo
Izitshalo ze-Soursop zingahlaselwa yizinambuzane nezifo eziningana, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zengadi ezimanzi kanye nokunakekelwa okungaphansi kokufanele.
a. Izinambuzane
– Ama-Mealybug nama-aphid: ahlasela amahlumela namaqabunga, okubangela ukukhula okuntengantengayo. Lawula ngokuhlanzeka, ukusika izindawo ezithintekile, noma ukufafaza ngezitshalo noma izibulala-zinambuzane njengoba kudingeka.
– Izinambuzane ezidla izithelo kanye nezimpukane zezithelo: zibangela ukubola nokuwa kwezithelo. Ukulawula kungenziwa ngokusonga izithelo, ukufaka izithiyo, nokuhlanza ingadi.
– Izibungu zamaqabunga: zidla amaqabunga, zinciphisa i-photosynthesis. Lawula ngokuthatha amaqanda/izibungu, noma ukusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane eziphilayo uma ukutheleleka kukhulu.
b. Izifo
– I-Anthracnose: ibangela amabala amnyama emaqabunga nasezithelo. Ukuvimbela kuhilela ukugcina ukujikeleza komoya, ukuthena, kanye nokusebenzisa imithi yokubulala isikhunta uma kudingeka.
– Ukubola kwezimpande: kuvame ukubangelwa ukugcwala kwamanzi noma ukugeleza kwamanzi okungekuhle. Isixazululo ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi nokugwema ukuchelela ngokweqile.
Isikhunta esinomswakama: sivela ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinambuzane ezikhiqiza uju (njengezinambuzane ezincelisayo). Lawula lezi zinambuzane ukuze uvimbele isikhunta ukuthi singakhuli.
Indlela engcono kakhulu yi-Integrated Pest Management (IPM): ukubeka phambili ukuhlanzeka kwengadi, ukukhetha imbewu enempilo, ukugcina ibhalansi yesistimu yokusebenza, kanye nokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane njengesixazululo sokugcina.
7. Ukuvuna kanye Nokuvunwa Kwangemva Kokuvuna
Ama-Soursop ngokuvamile aqala ukuthela izithelo eneminyaka engu-2-4 ubudala, kuye ngokuthi hlobo luni kanye nendlela yokusakazeka. Izithelo ezilungele ukuvunwa zibonakala ngobukhulu bazo obukhulu, izimpande ezixegayo kancane, kanye nokuphuzi okuncane kwesikhumba esiluhlaza. Ukuvuna kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela, njengoba ama-soursop ephuka kalula. Sebenzisa izikere zokuthena bese ushiya isiqu esincane.
Ngemva kokuvunwa, izithelo zihlungwa ngobukhulu nesimo. Izithelo ezinesici noma ezivuthiwe ngokweqile kufanele zicutshungulwe ngokushesha. Gcina endaweni epholile, eyomile. Ngenxa yokuthi i-soursop iyisithelo esikhula ngokushesha esivuthwa ngokushesha, ukusatshalaliswa kufanele kulinganiselwe. Ukupakisha okuvikelayo kunganciphisa umonakalo ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa.
8. Amathuba Ebhizinisi Lokulima iSoursop
Ukutshalwa kwe-soursop kunikeza amandla amahle kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi uma osomabhizinisi bengacubungula isivuno sibe imikhiqizo enenani elingeziwe njengejusi elipakishiwe, i-puree, ama-preserve, noma i-drink powder. Amasu okumaketha angasetshenziswa ngezimakethe zendabuko, izitolo zezithelo, ukubambisana nabathengisi, ngisho nokuthengisa online. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele, izihlahla ze-soursop zingakhiqiza iminyaka eminingi futhi zinikeze umthombo wemali wesikhathi eside.
I-Penutup
Ukutshala i-soursop akunzima kakhulu, kodwa kudinga ukukhethwa kwembewu ngokucophelela, ukuphathwa kwenhlabathi, umanyolo, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo. Isihluthulelo ukugcina izitshalo ziphilile, ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi anele ngaphandle kokukhukhula, kanye nokugcina uphahla oluhlanzekile ukuvumela ukukhanya okwanele nokugeleza komoya. Ngamasu okulima afanele, i-soursop ingakhiqiza izithelo zekhwalithi ephezulu futhi iyithuba lebhizinisi elithembisayo, kokubili ezingadini nasezingadini zasekhaya.
