Ukutshalwa Kwezitshalo ze-Avocado
I-Avocado (Persea americana) iyisithelo esinenani eliphezulu kwezomnotho futhi ithandwa kakhulu ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo okumnandi, okuqukethwe kwamafutha anempilo, kanye nokuguquguquka ekucutshungulweni kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene njengejusi, izithasiselo zesaladi, i-guacamole, ngisho nezithako zokubhaka kanye nezimonyo. E-Indonesia, ukutshalwa kwe-avocado kungaba yithuba lebhizinisi elithembisayo, kokubili ekhaya nasebhizinisini. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kukhule izitshalo kahle futhi kukhiqizwe izithelo eziningi, ukuqonda izimo zokukhula, ukukhethwa kwembewu, amasu okutshala, ukugcinwa, kanye nezinqubo zokuvuna kanye nokuvuna ngemuva kokuvuna kubalulekile.
1. Izimo Zokukhulisa Izitshalo Zika-Avocado
Izitshalo zika-avokhado zingakhula ezindaweni eziphansi kanye nasezindaweni eziphakeme, kodwa ngokuvamile zisebenza kahle kakhulu ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingaba amamitha angu-200–1.500 ngaphezu kolwandle, kuye ngohlobo lwazo. Amazinga okushisa afanele aqala ku-18–28°C kanye nemvula yonyaka engu-1.200–2.000 mm. Lesi sitshalo sithanda ilanga eligcwele, yize ukuvikelwa ekushiseni ngokweqile kuyadingeka ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula.
Ngokuphathelene nomhlabathi, ama-avokhado adinga inhlabathi evulekile, evundile enokukhipha amanzi kahle. Inhlabathi enamanzi amaningi izobangela ukubola kwezimpande futhi ikhuthaze ukuhlaselwa yisikhunta. I-pH efanelekile yenhlabathi isukela ku-5,5 kuya ku-6,5. Uma inhlabathi ine-asidi kakhulu, kungasetshenziswa i-lime; uma ine-alkaline kakhulu, ukufaka izinto eziphilayo kungasiza ukulinganisela ibhalansi.
2. Ukukhethwa Kwezinhlobo Nembewu
Impumelelo yokutshala ukwatapheya ithonywa kakhulu yikhwalithi yembewu. Imbewu ekhuliswe ngembewu itholakala kalula, kodwa ngokuvamile ithatha isikhathi eside ukuthela izithelo futhi ikhiqize ikhwalithi yezithelo eguquguqukayo. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kutshalwe isivuno esihle, kunconywa ukutshala izitshalo, njengokufakelwa noma ukuhluma. Ukutshala izitshalo kwenzeka ngokushesha okukhulu (cishe eminyakeni emi-2-4), kunezici ezifanayo nezikamzali, futhi kuveza ngokubikezela okukhulu.
Ezinye izinhlobo ze-avocado ezidumile zifaka phakathi i-avocado ye-Butter, i-avocado ye-Miki, i-avocado ye-Kendil, kanye nezinhlobo ezethulwe njenge-Hass, ezifunwa kakhulu ezimakethe zanamuhla. Khetha uhlobo olufanele izimo zezulu zendawo bese ucabangela isidingo semakethe endaweni yakini.
Izici zezithombo ezinhle zifaka: ukukhula okunempilo, amaqabunga aluhlaza amasha, ukukhululeka ezilokazaneni nasezifweni, iziqu eziqinile, izimpande ezinhle, kanye nezithombo ezihlanganiswe kahle. Ukuphakama kwezithombo okufanelekile kokutshala ngokuvamile kungu-50-100 cm, kuye ngezimo zasensimini.
3. Ukulungiswa Nokutshala Kwendawo
Ngaphambi kokutshala, umhlaba kufanele ususwe ukhula nanoma yiziphi izitshalo ezisele eziphazamisayo. Uma umhlaba uthambekile, cabanga ngokufaka amasimu ukuze unciphise ukuguguleka komhlabathi. Ukutshala inhlabathi ngendlela efanele kuzosiza ekukhuleni kwezimpande futhi kuthuthukise ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba.
Imigodi yokutshala kufanele ibe cishe ngu-60 x 60 x 60 cm, noma ibe mikhudlwana enhlabathini engavundile kakhulu. Hlukanisa inhlabathi engaphezulu evutshiwe nenhlabathi engaphansi. Hlanganisa inhlabathi engaphezulu nomquba ovuthiwe noma umquba (10-20 kg ngomgodi ngamunye) kanye nenani elincane le-dolomite uma kudingeka. Imigodi kufanele imbiwe amasonto ama-2-4 ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze ivumele inhlabathi ukuthi ivuthwe futhi amagesi anobuthi aphele.
Isikhala sokutshala sincike kuhlobo kanye nohlelo lokutshala. Ngokuvamile, kusetshenziswa i-7 x 7 m noma i-8 x 8 m engadini. Emagcekeni, izikhala zingalungiswa, kodwa qiniseka ukuthi i-canopy ayiminyene kakhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuhamba kahle komoya.
Uma utshala, dabula isikhwama se-polybag ngaphandle kokulimaza izimpande, faka isithombo emgodini, bese ugcwalisa ngengxube yenhlabathi. Qiniseka ukuthi ikholomu yempande ayijulile kakhulu. Ngemva kwalokho, nisela kakhulu bese ufaka isigxobo ukuze uvimbele isithombo ukuthi singanyakaziswa umoya.
4. Ukunakekelwa Kwezitshalo
a. Ukunisela
Esigabeni sokuqala (izinyanga ezingu-0-6 ngemva kokutshala), ukuchelela njalo kuyadingeka, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sonyaka owomile. Uma izitshalo sezikhule kakhulu, ukuchelela kungancishiswa, kodwa kuhlala kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwezimbali nokukhula kwezithelo ukuvimbela ukulahleka kwesivuno.
b. Ukususa ukhula kanye nokumboza nge-mulching
Ukhula olukhula eduze kwezitshalo kumele lulawulwe ngoba luncintisana ngezakhamzimba. Ukususa ukhula kungenziwa ngesandla noma ngamathuluzi. Ukusebenzisa i-mulch yemvelo (utshani, amaqabunga omile, noma umquba) kusiza ekugcineni umswakama wenhlabathi, kucindezele ukhula, futhi kuthuthukise isakhiwo senhlabathi.
c. Ukuvundisa
Ukuvundiswa kwe-avocado kufanele kwenziwe kancane kancane ngokweminyaka yesitshalo. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwasekuqaleni, isitshalo sidinga i-nitrogen eningi ukuze kwakheke amaqabunga neziqu. Njengoba singena esigabeni sokukhiqiza, izidingo ze-phosphorus ne-potassium ziyanda ukuze zisekele ukuqhakaza nokuthela izithelo.
Ngokuvamile, umanyolo wemvelo unconywa kakhulu njengesisekelo, ohambisana nomanyolo wemvelo ngemithamo efanele. Umanyolo ungenziwa izikhathi ezingu-2-4 ngonyaka. Umanyolo kufanele usetshenziswe ngendlela eyindilinga, kulandelwa ukuvela komqhele (umugqa wokuconsa), njengoba izimpande eziningi ezimuncayo zitholakala kule ndawo.
d. Ukuthena
Ukuthena kuhlose ukubumba umqhele, ukususa amagatsha agulayo, nokuthuthukisa ukujikeleza komoya kanye nokungena kokukhanya. Ezitshalweni ezincane, yenza ukuthena okwakhayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amagatsha aqinile futhi alinganiselayo. Ezitshalweni ezikhiqizayo, ukuthena okusebenzayo kunganciphisa amagatsha aminyene kakhulu futhi kube lula ukuvunwa.
e. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Izinambuzane ezivame ukuhlasela ama-avokhado zifaka phakathi izibungu, ama-mealybug, izimbuzane, kanye nezimpukane zezithelo. Izifo ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukubola kwezimpande (i-Phytophthora), i-anthracnose, kanye namabala amaqabunga. Umgomo wokulawula ongcono kakhulu yi-Integrated Pest Management (IPM): ukugcina ingadi ihlanzekile, ukukhetha izithombo ezinempilo, ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukusebenzisa izitha zemvelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ngokuhlakanipha lapho ukutheleleka kudlula umkhawulo wokulawula.
Ukuze uvimbele ukubola kwezimpande, qiniseka ukuthi inhlabathi ayigcwele amanzi, sebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ezivuthiwe, futhi ugweme ukunisela ngokweqile. Uma kukhona izitshalo ezibonisa izimpawu zokubuna noma ukubola kwezimpande, bhekana nenkinga ngokushesha ngokuthuthukisa amanzi agelezayo bese usebenzisa umuthi wokubulala isikhunta ngokwezincomo zendawo.
5. Ukuqhakaza, Ukuthuthwa Kwempova, kanye Nokuvundisa
Ama-avokhado anesici esiyingqayizivele sezimbali (i-dichogamy), ngakho-ke ukuthuthwa kwempova kungathinteka yizimo zezulu kanye nokuba khona kwezinambuzane ezithutha impova. Ukuze kwandiswe impumelelo yomanyolo, izingadi kufanele zibe nezinhlobo ezihambisanayo noma zitshale izinhlobo eziningana ezahlukene. Ukuba khona kwezinyosi nezinye izinambuzane nakho kuyasiza, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele kuqaphe, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza.
Ukuwa kwezimbali nezithelo ezincane kuvame ukuvela ngenxa yokushoda kwezakhamzimba, ukucindezeleka kwamanzi, noma ukutheleleka yizinambuzane. Umanyolo olinganiselayo, ukuchelela njalo, kanye nokulawula izinambuzane ngendlela efanele kungasiza ekunciphiseni ukuwa.
6. Ukuvuna kanye Nokuvunwa Kwangemva Kokuvuna
Ama-avokhado ngokuvamile avunwa lapho esevuthiwe ngokomzimba, lapho izithelo sezivuthiwe ngokwanele kodwa zingakathambi. Izici zokuvuna zifaka phakathi usayizi ophezulu ngokuya ngohlobo, izinguquko kumbala wesikhumba (ezinhlotsheni ezithile), kanye nobudala besithelo ngemva kokuqhakaza (ngokuvamile izinyanga eziningana, kuye ngohlobo).
Ukuvuna kufanele kwenziwe ngesikele noma ngomshini wokusika ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza isiqu sezithelo. Gwema ukuwisa izithelo, njengoba lokhu kungabangela ukuklwebheka futhi kusheshise ukubola. Izithelo ezivuniwe zibe sezihlelwa ngobukhulu nekhwalithi, bese zigcinwa ezimweni ezipholile nezomile. Ama-avokhado avuthwa kancane kancane ngemva kokuvuna, okuvumela ukusatshalaliswa emakethe ukuthi kulungiswe ngokufanele.
7. Amathuba Ebhizinisi Namanothi Abalulekile
Ukutshalwa kwe-avocado akunikezi nje kuphela amandla okuthengisa izithelo ezintsha kodwa futhi nokukhiqiza imikhiqizo ecutshunguliwe njengejusi epakishiwe, uwoyela we-avocado, kanye nezithombo ezihlanganisiwe ukuze ziphinde zithengiswe. Ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo, abalimi bangakha ubudlelwano nabahwebi, izimakethe zesimanje, noma izimboni zokucubungula.
Isici esibalulekile sokutshala ukwatapheya ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo. Izingadi eziningi ziyahluleka ukukhiqiza kahle, hhayi ngenxa yezinhlobo ezimbi, kodwa ngenxa yokungaminza kahle kwamanzi, umanyolo ongajwayelekile, noma ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane okunganele. Ngokuhlela kahle nokunakekelwa okuhleliwe, ukwatapheya ungaba isitshalo sokutshala imali isikhathi eside esikhiqiza iminyaka eminingi yokukhiqiza.
I-Penutup
Ukutshalwa kwe-avocado kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela kusukela ekukhetheni imbewu kuya ekuvunweni. Izimo zokukhula ezifanele, izithombo ezifakwe kahle, ukuphathwa kahle komhlaba, umanyolo olinganiselayo, ukuthena, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe kuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo. Njengoba isidingo semakethe sikhula kanye nokwaziswa komphakathi ngokudla okunempilo, ama-avocado ayimpahla efanelekile ukuyithuthukisa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi atshalwe egcekeni njengomthombo wezithelo zomndeni noma atshalwe ezitolo, ama-avocado anganikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile zomnotho nezokudla okunempilo uma ephathwa kahle.
