Ukutshalwa Kwezitshalo zeDurian
I-Durian yaziwa ngokuthi "inkosi yezithelo" ngephunga layo elihlukile kanye nokunambitheka kwayo, kanye nenani layo eliphezulu kwezomnotho. Isidingo se-durian sivame ukuba sizinzile, size sikhule, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemakethe yezithelo ezintsha kanye nezokuvakasha kwezolimo. Ngakho-ke, ukutshala i-durian kunikeza ithuba elihle kubalimi kanye nabantu abathanda ukuzijabulisa abafuna ukuthuthukisa izingadi ezikhiqizayo. Kodwa-ke, i-durian akuyona isitshalo esingatshalwa kalula. Idinga ukukhethwa kwezinhlobo ezifanele, ukuphathwa komhlaba, umanyolo, kanye nokugcinwa njalo ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izihlahla zithela izithelo ngokushesha, zikhiqiza, futhi zikhiqiza izithelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu.
1. Ukuqonda Izidingo Zokukhulisa I-Durian
Ngaphambi kokutshala i-durian, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimo zayo zokukhula. Izitshalo ze-durian zivame ukuchuma ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinemvula ephezulu, cishe i-1.500–2.500 mm ngonyaka, kanye nomswakama ophezulu. Amazinga okushisa afanele aqala ku-24–30°C. I-Durian ingakhula ezindaweni eziphansi kuya ezindaweni eziphakathi nendawo, cishe amamitha angu-0–800 ngaphezu kolwandle, kuye ngohlobo. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-durian ezinhle zingazivumelanisa nokuphakama okufika kumamitha ayi-1.000 ngaphezu kolwandle, kodwa umkhiqizo omuhle kakhulu uvame ukuba semaphakathi nendawo.
Inhlabathi efanele i-durian ikhululekile, ivundile, icebile ngezinto eziphilayo, futhi ikhipha amanzi kahle. I-pH efanele inhlabathi iphakathi kuka-5,5 no-6,5. I-Durian ayithandi amanzi amile, njengoba izimpande zibola kalula, kodwa futhi ayikwazi ukubekezelela isomiso esihlala isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, ingadi ye-durian kufanele ibe nohlelo lokukhipha amanzi kanye nomthombo wamanzi wokunisela ngesikhathi sesomiso.
2. Ukukhethwa Kwezinhlobo Ezinhle Nembewu
Impumelelo yokutshala i-durian ithonywa kakhulu yizinhlobonhlobo kanye nekhwalithi yembewu. Njengamanje, izinhlobo eziningi ezinhle kakhulu zithandwa emakethe, njengeMusang King, Montong, Bawor, Petruk, kanye neKane, kanye nezinhlobo ezinhle zendawo. Ukukhetha izinhlobo kufanele kuhambisane nesimo sezulu, ukuphakama, izici zenhlabathi, kanye nesidingo semakethe endaweni yakini.
Ukuze usheshise ukuthela izithelo futhi ufinyelele izici ezifanayo nesitshalo esingumzali, sebenzisa imbewu evela ekusakazeni izitshalo, njengokufakelwa, ukuhluma, noma ukuhluma. Nakuba ukusakazeka kwezitshalo kusuka ezinhlanyelweni kushibhile futhi kunezimpande eziqinile, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukukhiqiza izithelo futhi izici zesithelo azihlali zifana. Imbewu enhle ineziqu eziqinile, amaqabunga aluhlaza amasha, ayinazo izinambuzane nezifo, futhi inezimpande ezinempilo. Qinisekisa ukuthi imbewu ivela kumfuyi othembekile.
3. Ukulungiswa Nokutshala Kwendawo
Ukulungiswa kwendawo kuqala ngokususa ukhula, izihlahla, kanye nezinye izinsalela zezitshalo. Ngemva kwalokho, tshala inhlabathi njengoba kudingeka bese udala imisele yokukhipha amanzi ukuze uvimbele amanzi ukuthi angahlangani. Ukutshala i-durian kudinga nokunaka kakhulu izikhala. Emasimini amakhulu, izikhala ezijwayelekile zisukela kumamitha angu-8 x 8 kuya kwangu-10 x 10, kuye ngokuthi izinhlobonhlobo kanye nokuzala kwenhlabathi kunjani. Izikhala ezanele zinciphisa ukuncintisana kwezakhamzimba futhi zenza kube lula ukugcinwa.
Umgodi wokutshala kufanele ube cishe ngu-60 x 60 x 60 cm, noma ube mkhulu uma inhlabathi iqinile. Hlukanisa inhlabathi engaphezulu evubukuliwe nenhlabathi engaphansi. Hlanganisa inhlabathi engaphezulu nomquba ovuthiwe (isb., 10-20 kg ngomgodi ngamunye) kanye nomquba, mhlawumbe wengeze i-dolomite uma i-pH yenhlabathi ine-asidi kakhulu. Ngemva kokugcwalisa kabusha umgodi, yiyeke ihlale amasonto angu-1-2 ukuze uvumele izimpande zilungise futhi zinciphise ingozi yokushiswa yizimpande ngumanyolo.
Ukutshala kufanele kwenziwe ekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithombo azisweli amanzi. Dabula ngokucophelela isikhwama se-polybag ngaphandle kokulimaza izimpande, bese ubeka izithombo emgodini wokutshala. Ungatshali ikholomu yezimpande ijule kakhulu. Qinisa inhlabathi ngobumnene bese wenza indunduma encane ukuvimbela amanzi ukuthi angagelezi. Ngemva kwalokho, nisela bese ufaka isigxobo ukuvimbela izithombo ukuthi zingapheshulwa umoya.
4. Ukunakekelwa: Ukunisela, Ukufaka Umanyolo, kanye Nokususa Ukhula
Ukunakekelwa kokuqala kubalulekile ekukhuleni kwe-durian. Ukunisela kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sesomiso. Izithombo ezincane ngokuvamile zidinga ukunisela kabili kuya kathathu ngesonto, kuye ngezimo zenhlabathi. Ezingadini ezinkulu, abanikazi bangase bacabangele ukunisela ngamaconsi ukuze basebenze kahle kakhulu.
Ukuvundisa kwenziwa kancane kancane ngokweminyaka yesitshalo. Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhula kwezitshalo, umanyolo kufanele ugxile ekukhuleni kwesiqu, amaqabunga, kanye nezimpande. Umanyolo wemvelo njengomanyolo noma umquba kufanele usetshenziswe njalo ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo somhlabathi. Umanyolo wemvelo (njenge-NPK) ungasetshenziswa ngemithamo elula kodwa ejwayelekile. Umanyolo usetshenziswa ngokunyakaza okujikelezayo ngaphansi kophahla lwesitshalo (endaweni yesistimu yezimpande), bese umbozwa ngenhlabathi ukuvimbela ukuhwamuka. Njengoba isitshalo sikhula, umthamo womanyolo uyandiswa.
Ukususa ukhula kuyadingeka ngoba ukhula luncintisana ngamanzi nezakhamzimba. Indawo ezungeze isiqu kufanele igcinwe ihlanzekile, kodwa gwema ukumba ngokujulile ukuze ugweme ukulimaza izimpande. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenzisa i-mulch yemvelo njengotshani noma utshani obomile kungasiza ekucindezeleni ukhula futhi kugcine umswakama wenhlabathi.
5. Ukuthena Nokubumba Umqhele
Ukuthena kuhlose ukudala umqhele olinganiselayo, ukuqinisa amagatsha, nokuthuthukisa ukujikeleza komoya kanye nokungena kokukhanya. Ngesikhathi isitshalo sisesincane, sithena amagatsha akhula phansi kakhulu, amagatsha awela omunye komunye, kanye namahlumela amanzi angakhiqizi. Umqhele owakhiwe kahle uzosiza ekunakekelweni nasekuvunweni lapho isitshalo sikhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthena kunganciphisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa yizifo ezivumela izimo ezimanzi. Kodwa-ke, ukuthena kufanele kwenziwe ngamathuluzi ahlanzekile nabukhali ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanxeba ahlanzekile futhi aphola ngokushesha. Ukuthena amanxeba kungelashwa nge-fungicide noma isivikelo samanxeba ezitshalo uma kudingeka.
6. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Izitshalo ze-Durian zisengozini yezinambuzane nezifo eziningana. Izinambuzane ezivamile zifaka phakathi izibungu zesiqu, izibungu, ama-aphid, kanye nezibungu zamaqabunga. Izifo ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukubola kwezimpande kanye nokubola kwesiqu esiyisisekelo (okuvame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-fungus Phytophthora), amabala amaqabunga, kanye ne-stem canker. Ukuvimbela kubalulekile: ukugcina ingadi emanzi, ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukususa ukhula, kanye nokusebenzisa izithombo ezinempilo.
Uma kutholakala izimpawu zokutheleleka, zibone kuqala ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ziyalawuleka. Izinyathelo zokulawula zingafaka phakathi ukuhlanzeka kwengadi, ukucheba izindawo ezithintekile, ukusebenzisa izicupho, kanye nokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane zezitshalo noma zamakhemikhali ngemithamo enconyiwe. Ukujikeleza kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokucophelela kwezibulala-zinambuzane kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukumelana nokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwemvelo.
7. Ukuqhakaza, Ukuthela, Nokuvuna
Izihlahla ze-durian ezixhunyelelwe noma ezixhunyelelwe zingaqala ukuqhakaza zineminyaka engu-3-5 ubudala, kuye ngokuthi ziluhlobo luni kanye nokunakekelwa. Ukuze kugwenywe ukuthwalisa isitshalo esincane ngokweqile, kuvame ukunconywa ukunciphisa izimbali noma izithelo zokuqala. Uma isitshalo sesiqine ngokwanele, ukuqhakaza nokuthela izithelo kungaphathwa ngomanyolo ofanele, ikakhulukazi nge-potassium (K) kanye ne-phosphorus (P) ukusekela ukwakheka kwezimbali nezithelo.
Izithelo ze-durian zivunwa uma sezivuthiwe ngokomzimba. Izimpawu zalokhu zifaka phakathi iphunga elibukhali, umsindo "ogcwele" kancane uma ushaywa, kanye nezinhlobo ezithile ezibonisa izinguquko embala wesikhumba. Ezingadini zezithelo zezentengiselwano, ukuvunwa kuvame ukwenziwa ngokulinda izithelo ziwe ngokwemvelo, kodwa ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo, izithelo zingaboshwa noma zivunwe ngamathuluzi akhethekile ngaphambi kokuba ziwe. Izithelo eziphathwe kahle zizoba nekhwalithi ephezulu futhi zihlale isikhathi eside eshalofini.
8. Amathuba Ebhizinisi Namathiphu Empumelelo
Ukutshalwa kwe-durian akukhona nje ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo; futhi kunikeza amathuba amabhizinisi asuselwa kokunye, njengokuthengisa imbewu engcono kakhulu, ukuvakasha kwezitshalo ze-durian, ngisho nemikhiqizo ye-durian (i-dodol, i-lempok, ama-pancake, ne-ayisikhilimu). Ukuqinisekisa ukusimama, abalimi kudingeka babhale phansi izindleko zokukhiqiza, amashejuli kamanyolo, kanye nemiphumela yokuvuna ukuze kuhlolwe.
Amathiphu okutshala i-durian ngempumelelo afaka phakathi ukukhetha imbewu eqinisekisiwe, engcono kakhulu, ukutshala enhlabathini emunce kahle amanzi, ukufaka umanyolo wemvelo njalo, ukuthena njalo, kanye nokulawula izinambuzane nezifo kusenesikhathi. Ngokunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kanye nokuphathwa kahle kwengadi yezithelo, i-durian ingaba yimpahla enenzuzo ngenkathi isekela ukusimama kwezolimo zasezindaweni ezishisayo.
Ukutshalwa kwe-durian kudinga isineke, kodwa imivuzo iyakufanelekela. Izihlahla ezinakekelwa kahle zingakhiqiza amashumi eminyaka futhi zibe yimpahla yesikhathi eside kubanikazi bazo. Ngokuqonda amasu ayisisekelo, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zendawo, nokufunda njalo kokuhlangenwe nakho, noma ubani angakha ingadi yezithelo ze-durian ekhiqizayo nesezingeni eliphezulu.
