Ukutshalwa Kwezitshalo zaseLongan
I-Longan (i-Dimocarpus longan) iyisithelo esidumile sasezindaweni ezishisayo ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo okumnandi, inyama ekhanyayo, kanye nephunga elihlukile. E-Indonesia, i-longan ayidliwa nje kuphela isanda kusha kodwa futhi icutshungulwa ibe yiziphuzo, ingxube ye-ayisikhilimu, ngisho nemikhiqizo yamakhambi. Isidingo esiqhubekayo semakethe senza ukutshalwa kwe-longan kukhange kokubili njengebhizinisi lezolimo kanye nesitshalo sengadi. Ukuze kutholakale isivuno esihle kakhulu, ukutshalwa kwe-longan kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela ekukhetheni izinhlobo, izimo zemvelo, amasu okutshala, ukunakekelwa, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo okufanele.
1. Izimo Zokukhula Ezifanele kanye Nesimo Sezulu
Izitshalo zaseLongan zingakhula kahle ezindaweni ezishisayo nezingaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo, kodwa umkhiqizo wazo uthonywa kakhulu yisimo sezulu. Ngokuvamile, amaLongan athanda amazinga okushisa azungeze ama-25–32°C lapho ethola ilanga eligcwele. Imvula efanelekile iphakathi kuka-1.500–2.500 mm ngonyaka, kanye nokusabalala okulingene. Inhlabathi efanelekile ikhululekile, ivundile, ikhipha amanzi kahle, futhi ayithambekeli ekugcwaleni kwamanzi. I-pH efanelekile yenhlabathi isukela ku-5,5–6,5.
E-Indonesia, i-longan ingatshalwa ezindaweni eziphansi kuya emaphakathi, kuye ngohlobo olusetshenzisiwe. Ezinye izinhlobo zingathela ngisho nasezindaweni eziphansi ngokunakekelwa okukhethekile. Izindawo zokutshala kufanele zingabi nomoya onamandla ukuvimbela izimbali nokuwa kwezithelo. Uma indawo ivulekile futhi ithambekele emoyeni, ukusebenzisa izitshalo zokuvimbela umoya kungaba yisisombululo.
2. Ukukhetha Izinhlobo ze-Longan
Isinyathelo esibalulekile ekutshalweni kwe-longan ukukhetha uhlobo olufanele izimo zendawo kanye nezinhloso zemakethe. Izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu zivame ukuba nezinzuzo ezifana nokuthela izithelo zakuqala, ukukhiqiza okuphezulu, ukunambitheka okumnandi, kanye nosayizi omkhulu wezithelo. Izinhlobo ze-longan ezidumile e-Indonesia zifaka phakathi i-Itoh Longan, i-Diamond River Longan, i-Pingpong Longan, kanye nezinhlobo eziningana zasendaweni eziye zajwayelana kahle nezifunda ezithile.
Ukuze kulinywe ngebhizinisi, abalimi ngokuvamile bakhetha izinhlobo ezithela izithelo ngokushesha futhi ezidumile emakethe. I-Itoh longan, isibonelo, yaziwa ngenyama yayo ejiyile, imbewu encane, kanye nokunambitheka okumnandi, okwenza ithandwe kakhulu ngabathengi. Okwamanje, i-Diamond River longan yaziwa ngokuzivumelanisa kangcono nezindawo eziphansi futhi ingathela izithelo kalula kunezinye izinhlobo, yize izithelo zayo zivame ukuba zincane.
3. Ukusabalala Kwezitshalo: Okukhiqizayo vs. Okwezitshalo
I-Longan ingasakazwa ngokukhiqiza (kusukela ezinhlanyelweni) noma ngokutshala (ukuxhunyelelwa, ukuhluma, noma ukuxhunyelelwa). Ukusakazwa kwembewu ngokuvamile akukhuthazwa ukutshalwa kwezentengiselwano ngoba kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthela izithelo futhi izici zesitshalo zivame ukuhluka kwesitshalo esingumzali. Ukusakazwa kwezitshalo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuyathandwa ngoba isitshalo sithela izithelo ngokushesha futhi izici ezinhle zesitshalo esingumzali ziyagcinwa.
Izindlela ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukuxhunyelelwa kanye nokuhluma. Ukuxhunyelelwa kulula kakhulu: khetha igatsha elinempilo, ukhiphe igxolo, bese ulimboza ngenhlabathi emanzi (i-humus noma i-cocopeat) kuze kuvele izimpande. Ukuxhunyelelwa kwamahlumela kudinga ikhono elengeziwe, kodwa imiphumela iqinile futhi ifanele ukukhiqizwa kwezithombo ezinkulu. Izithombo ezinhle zineziqu eziqinile, amaqabunga aluhlaza amasha, izimpande ezinempilo, futhi azinazo izinambuzane nezifo.
4. Ukulungiswa Nokutshala Kwendawo
Ngaphambi kokutshala, umhlaba udinga ukusulwa ukhula nezinye izinsalela zezitshalo, bese kumbiwa umgodi wokutshala ongaba ngu-60 x 60 x 60 cm. Umgodi wokutshala kufanele ushiywe uvulekile amasonto angu-1-2 ukuze kuvunyelwe amagesi anobuthi enhlabathini ukuthi aphele futhi kususwe amagciwane. Inhlabathi engaphezulu evubukuliwe ixutshwa nomquba ovuthiwe (10-20 kg ngomgodi ngamunye) kanye nenani elincane le-dolomite uma i-pH yenhlabathi ine-asidi kakhulu.
Isikhala sokutshala siyahlukahluka kuye ngohlelo lokutshala, kodwa ngokuvamile singamamitha angu-6 x 6 noma amamitha angu-8 x 8 ezingadini zokukhiqiza ukuvimbela ama-canopies ukuthi angavali njengoba izitshalo zikhula. Izithombo zitshalwa ekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula ukuqinisekisa ukutholakala kwamanzi anele, bese zibethelwa ukuze kuvinjelwe izitshalo ukuthi zingawi. Ngemva kokutshala, nisela njalo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqala kokukhula.
5. Ukunakekelwa: Ukunisela, Ukuthena, Nokufaka Umanyolo
Ukunakekelwa kwe-Longan kudlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni impilo yezitshalo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwezithelo. Ukunisela kufanele kulungiswe ngokwesizini; ngezikhathi zesomiso, izitshalo zidinga amanzi anele, kodwa inhlabathi akufanele igcwale amanzi. Ukufaka utshani noma amaqabunga omile enhlabathini kungasiza ekugcineni umswakama wenhlabathi futhi kuvimbele ukukhula kokhula.
Ukuthena kwenziwa ukuze kulolongwe umqhele, kukhuthazwe ukukhula kwamagatsha akhiqizayo, futhi kuthuthukiswe ukujikeleza komoya. Thena amagatsha aminyene kakhulu, anesifo, noma akhula ngaphakathi. Ukuthena kahle kunganciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka ngefungus futhi kukhuthaze ukuqhakaza kwezimbali.
Ukuvundisa kufanele kwenziwe njalo. Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokukhula kwezitshalo, izitshalo zidinga i-nitrogen eningi ukuze kukhule amaqabunga neziqu. Lapho zingena esigabeni sokukhiqiza, i-phosphorus ne-potassium kudingeka zandiswe ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuqhakaza nokwakheka kwezithelo. Umanyolo wemvelo njengomanyolo noma umquba ulungele ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo somhlabathi, kuyilapho umanyolo wemvelo ungasetshenziswa ngokwezincomo zendawo. Inhlanganisela yakho kokubili ivame ukuba ngcono.
6. Ukukhuthaza Ukuqhakaza Nokuthela Izithelo
Enye yezinselele zokulima i-longan ukuthola izitshalo ziqhakaze futhi zithele njalo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphansi. Abanye abalimi basebenzisa amasu okucindezeleka kwamanzi, ahilela ukunciphisa ukuchelela okwesikhashana ukuze "kuqalise" izitshalo esigabeni sokukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucheba ngemva kokuvunwa kanye nomanyolo one-potassium eningi kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukukhuthaza ukuqhakaza.
Kwezinye izindawo, ukusetshenziswa kwezikhuthazi ezifana ne-potassium chlorate kwaziwa emikhubeni yokulima i-longan ejulile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kufanele kusetshenziswe ngokucophelela, kulandelwe umthamo ofanele, futhi kucatshangelwe ukuphepha kwemvelo kanye nemithethonqubo efanele. Uma kungaphathwa kahle, izitshalo zingabhekana nokucindezeleka okukhulu futhi zife. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa indlela yokulima elinganiselayo nehamba kancane kancane, ikakhulukazi kwabaqalayo.
7. Izinambuzane Nezifo Okufanele Uziqaphele
Ama-Longan angahlaselwa yizinambuzane eziningana, njengezinambuzane ezincane, izibungu, izibungu ezidla izimpande, kanye nezimpukane zezithelo, ezingalimaza izitshalo. Ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM) kungenziwa, isibonelo, ngokugcina inhlanzeko yengadi, ukuthena izindawo ezithintekile, ukubeka izithiyo zezimpukane zezithelo, kanye nokusebenzisa izitha zemvelo uma kungenzeka.
Izifo ezivamile zifaka phakathi isikhunta esibangela amabala amaqabunga, ukubola kwezimpande ngenxa yokungaminza kahle kwamanzi, kanye nezifo ezithinta izimbali nezithelo. Ukuvimbela okungcono kakhulu kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa imbewu enempilo, ukugcina izikhala eziseduze kwezitshalo, ukwandisa ukujikeleza komoya, kanye nokugwema umswakama owedlulele. Uma ukutheleleka kukubi kakhulu, ama-fungicide noma ama-insecticide angasetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha ngokwezilinganiso ezinconywayo, kanye nokunaka isikhathi sangaphambi kokuvuna.
8. Ukuvunwa kweLongan kanye nokuVunwa Kwangemva Kokuvunwa
Ama-Longan ngokuvamile aqala ukuthela izithelo eneminyaka engu-2-4 ubudala uma ekhula ngendlela yezitshalo, kuye ngohlobo kanye nokunakekelwa kwawo. Isithelo sikulungele ukuvunwa uma isikhumba sinombala ophuzi ngokufana, inyama imnandi, futhi isithelo sinephunga elinamandla nelihlukile. Ukuvunwa kwenziwa ngokusika amahlumela ngezikere zokuthena ukuze kungalimazi amagatsha.
Ngemva kokuvunwa, izithelo zihlelwa ngobukhulu kanye nekhwalithi. Izithelo ezonakele noma ezihlaselwe yizinambuzane ziyasuswa. Ama-longan kufanele agcinwe endaweni epholile, eyomile; ukuze aphile isikhathi eside eshalofini, angagcinwa emazingeni okushisa abandayo. Ukupakisha okufanele kuzonciphisa umonakalo ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa futhi kwandise inani lawo emakethe.
I-Penutup
Ukutshalwa kwe-longan kunethuba lokuthola inzuzo ngokuhlela nokunakekela okufanele. Isihluthulelo sempumelelo sisekukhetheni izinhlobo ezifanele indawo, kusetshenziswa imbewu esezingeni eliphezulu, ukuphathwa kwamanzi nezakhamzimba okulinganiselayo, ukuthena njalo, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo okuhlanganisiwe. Ngokusebenzisa amasu amahle okulima, i-longan ingaba yimpahla ehamba phambili kokubili ekusetshenzisweni komndeni kanye nebhizinisi elinenani eliphezulu. Uma iphathwa ngokungathi sína, izingadi ze-longan azikhiqizi nje kuphela izithelo ezimnandi kodwa futhi zivula amathuba emakethe abanzi naqhubekayo.
