Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo Ezitshalweni Zama-apula
Ukugcina izitshalo zama-apula zingenazo izinambuzane nezifo kuyisihluthulelo sokuthola isivuno esihle kakhulu kanye nekhwalithi. Ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane nezifo ezitshalweni zama-apula kudinga indlela ehlanganisiwe, ehilela ukuvimbela, ukuhlonza, kanye nezinyathelo zokulawula ezisebenzayo. Lesi sihloko sizoxoxa ngamasu ahlukahlukene kanye namasu okuphathwa kwezinambuzane nezifo ezitshalweni zama-apula.
1. Pendahuluan
Ama-apula (i-Malus domestica) ayizithelo ezidumile ezinenani eliphezulu kwezomnotho emazweni amaningi. Kodwa-ke, ukutshalwa kwama-apula kuvame ukubhekana nezinselele ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ezihlobene nokuhlaselwa yizinambuzane nezifo. Izitshalo zama-apula zisengozini enkulu yezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene njengezibungu nama-aphid, kanye nezifo ezifana nokubola kwezithelo kanye namabala amaqabunga. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa okufanele kuyadingeka ukuze kulondolozwe impilo yezitshalo kanye nokukhiqiza kwezithelo zama-apula.
2. Ukuhlonza Izinambuzane Ezitshalweni Zama-apula
a. Isibungu sezithelo (Cydia pomonella)
Izimpethu zezithelo ziyizinambuzane ezinkulu ezitshalweni zama-apula. Izimpethu zingena esithelweni bese zidla inyama, okubangela umonakalo omkhulu. Izimpawu zokutheleleka kwezimpethu zezithelo zifaka phakathi imigodi emincane esithelweni, ngezinye izikhathi ehambisana ne-exudate.
b. Ama-Aphid (i-Aphid spp.)
Ama-aphid avame ukuhlasela amaqabunga amancane namahlumela ezihlahla zama-apula. Amunca uketshezi lwamaqabunga, okubangela ukuba agobe futhi aphenduke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-aphid angasakaza amagciwane ayingozi ezitshalweni.
c. Izinambuzane Ezibhobozayo Ezivela Esiqwini (i-Scolytidae)
Lezi zibhungane zihlasela iziqu namagatsha ezihlahla zama-apula. Zingena emhubheni, ziphazamise ukugeleza kwezakhamzimba namanzi futhi zenze buthaka isakhiwo sesitshalo.
3. Ukuhlonza Izifo Ezitshalweni Zama-apula
a. Ukubola Kwezithelo (Botrytis cinerea)
Ukubola kwezithelo kubangelwa yi-fungus i-Botrytis cinerea futhi kuvame ukwenzeka ezimweni ezinomswakama. Lokhu kutheleleka kubangela ukuthi izithelo zithambe futhi zibole, okuvame ukuhambisana nokwembozwa okumpunga ebusweni.
b. Indawo Yeqabunga (Venturia inaequalis)
Amabala amaqabunga yisifo esivamile sesikhunta sezihlahla zama-apula. Izimpawu zifaka phakathi ukubonakala kwamabala amnyama noma ansundu emaqabunga, angakhula futhi aholele ekuqhekekeni kwamaqabunga.
c. Ukugqwala kwama-apula (i-Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae)
Lesi sifo sibangela ukuthi kuvele amabala aphuzi noma aphuzi emaqabunga nasezitheloni. Ukutheleleka okukhulu kungabangela ukuwa kwamaqabunga nezithelo ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
4. Indlela Ehlanganisiwe Yokuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Indlela ehlanganisiwe (Ukuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Okuhlanganisiwe, noma i-IPM) iyindlela ehlanganisa amasu ahlukahlukene okuphathwa kwezinambuzane nezifo okuphelele. Nazi ezinye zezingxenye eziyinhloko ze-IPM:
a. Ukuqapha Nokuhlonza
Ukuqapha izitshalo njalo kubalulekile ekutholeni kusenesikhathi ukuhlasela kwezinambuzane nezifo. Ngokuqapha okufanele, abalimi bangathatha izinyathelo zokuvimbela ngaphambi kokuba ukuhlasela kube kubi kakhulu. Ukuhlonza ngokunembile izinhlobo zezinambuzane nezifo nakho kubalulekile ekunqumeni izindlela ezifanele zokulawula.
b. Ukusetshenziswa Kwezinhlobo Ezimelana Nezifo
Enye indlela ephumelelayo yokunciphisa umthelela wezinambuzane nezifo ukutshala izinhlobo zama-apula ezimelana nezifo nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Izinhlobo ezimelana nezinambuzane zivame ukunciphisa isidingo samakhemikhali futhi zinikeze isivikelo sesikhathi eside.
c. Amasu Okutshala Amahle
Ukugcina ingadi ihlanzekile ngokususa imfucumfucu yezitshalo ezinegciwane, ukugcina izikhala ezifanele zezitshalo, nokuphatha amanzi ngempumelelo kunganciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka yizinambuzane nezifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo kanye nokususa ukhula njalo kusiza ekunciphiseni inani lezinambuzane.
d. Ukusetshenziswa Okuhlakaniphile Kwemithi Yokubulala Izinambuzane Nezikhunta
Izibulala-zinambuzane kanye nemithi yokubulala isikhunta zivame ukudingeka, kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwazo kumele kube nokuhlakanipha futhi kuhambisane nezincomo. Ukulawulwa kwamakhemikhali kumele kwenziwe ngokuqaphela umthamo kanye nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela emibi emvelweni nasempilweni yabantu.
e. Ukulawulwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo
Ukulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo kusebenzisa izitha zemvelo zezinambuzane, njengezilwane ezidla ezinye, ama-parasitoid, kanye namagciwane, ukulawula inqwaba yezinambuzane. Izibonelo zokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo zifaka phakathi ukusetshenziswa kwama-nematode ukulawula izibungu zezithelo noma isikhunta esiphikisayo ukulawula izifo zesikhunta.
5. Amasu Okulawula Aqondile Asekelwe Ezinhlotsheni Zezinambuzane Nezifo
a. Ukulawula Izimpethu Zezithelo
– Ukusetshenziswa kwama-Pheromone: Ukusetshenziswa kwezicupho zama-pheromone ukuheha nokubamba izimpethu zezithelo ezindala.
– Ukusetshenziswa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane: Ukufutha ngezibulala-zinambuzane eziqondene ngqo nezimpethu zezithelo ngesikhathi sezigaba ezibalulekile zokukhula kwezitshalo.
b. Ukulawula ama-Aphid
– Ukusetshenziswa Kwamafutha Emifino: Ukufutha uwoyela we-neem noma uwoyela wezitshalo ukuze kuncishiswe inani lama-aphid.
– Izitha Zemvelo: Ukwethula noma ukuvikela izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zemvelo njengezinambuzane ezincelisayo ukuze zidle ama-aphid.
c. Ukulawulwa Kwezibungu Ezibangela Isifo Sezinhlungu Zesiqu
– Ukuhluba Amagxolo: Ukuhluba amagxolo athelelekile nokushiswa ukuze kuncishiswe inani lamabhungane.
– Ukusetshenziswa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Ezihlelekile: Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezihlelekile ezimuncwa yizitshalo ukubulala izimbungulu eziqwini.
d. Ukulawula Ukubola Kwezithelo
– Ukunakekelwa Ngemva Kokuvuna: Gcina izithelo ezindaweni ezomile nezipholile ukuze uvimbele ukukhula kwesikhunta.
– Ukusetshenziswa Kwemithi Yokubulala Isikhunta: Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwemithi yokubulala isikhunta lapho kuvela izimpawu zokuqala zokutheleleka.
e. Ukulawulwa Kwamachashaza Eqabunga
– Ukuthena: Ukuthena amaqabunga namagatsha athelelekile ukuze kuncishiswe umthombo wokugonywa.
– Isibulali-fungi Sokuvimbela: Ukufutha isibulali-fungi sokuvimbela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuba kuvele ukutheleleka.
f. Ukulawulwa Kokugqwala Kwe-apula
– Ukulawulwa Kokubamba Okuhlukile: Ukugqwala kwama-apula kudinga ukubamba okuhlukile, njenge-juniper, ukuze kuqedwe umjikelezo wokuphila kwawo. Ukususa noma ukulawula ukubamba okuhlukile kunganciphisa ingozi yokutheleleka.
– Imithi Yokubulala Isikhunta Ekhethekile: Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala isikhunta esebenza kahle ekulweni nokugqwala kwama-apula lapho izimo zezulu zivumela ukusabalala kwezinhlamvu.
6. Isiphetho
Ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane nezifo ezitshalweni zama-apula kudinga indlela ephelele nehlanganisiwe. Ukuqapha njalo, ukuhlonza okufanele, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezahlukene zokulawula, kokubili amakhemikhali kanye nezinto eziphilayo, kuyisihluthulelo sokugcina ngempumelelo izitshalo zama-apula ezinempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufundisa nokukhulisa ukuqwashisa kwabalimi ngokubaluleka kokusebenzisa izimiso zokuphathwa kwezinambuzane ezihlanganisiwe kuzofaka isandla ekwandiseni umkhiqizo kanye nekhwalithi yokuvunwa kwama-apula. Ngesu elifanele, izitshalo zama-apula zingakhula kahle futhi zikhiqize izithelo ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ezingenazo izinambuzane nezifo.
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Lokhu kuphetha isihloko sethu mayelana nokuphathwa kwezinambuzane nezifo ezitshalweni zama-apula. Sithemba ukuthi lolu lwazi luwusizo futhi lusiza abalimi ukuba balondoloze izitshalo zama-apula ezinempilo nezikhiqizayo.
