Ukutshalwa Kwezitshalo Zama-apula
Ukutshala ama-apula kuyibhizinisi lezitshalo elinenani eliphezulu kwezomnotho, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezipholile. E-Indonesia, ama-apula aziwa kakhulu njengempahla ehamba phambili ezindaweni eziningana zasezintabeni, njengeMalang neBatu (e-East Java), ezinezimo zezulu ezinhle zezolimo. Noma kunjalo, ama-apula asengatshalwa ngempumelelo uma nje izidingo zawo zokukhula zihlangatshezwa, kusukela ekukhetheni izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nokulungiselela umhlaba kuya ekutheneni nasekuphatheni izinambuzane nezifo. Lesi sihloko sixoxa ngezinyathelo ezibalulekile ekutshalweni kwama-apula okusebenzayo ukuze kutholakale isivuno esihle.
1. Izimo Zokukhula Kwezitshalo Zama-apula
Izitshalo zama-apula (i-Malus domestica) zikhula kahle ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa apholile. Izinga lokushisa elihle ngokuvamile liphakathi kuka-16–27°C, nomehluko ophakathi phakathi kwamazinga okushisa asemini nasebusuku. Ama-apula ngokuvamile adinga ukuphakama okungamamitha angu-800–1.500 ngaphezu kolwandle, yize ezinye izinhlobo zingazivumelanisa nokuphakama okuphansi ngezindlela ezifanele zokulima.
Ngokuphathelene nomhlabathi, ama-apula athanda inhlabathi ekhululekile, ekhipha amanzi kahle, ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo, futhi ine-pH engaba ngu-5,5–6,5. Inhlabathi enobumba kakhulu futhi egcwala amanzi kalula iyingozi yokubola kwezimpande. Imvula efanelekile ingama-1.000–2.500 mm ngonyaka, kodwa ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza nokuvela kwezithelo, izitshalo zidinga izimo ezingemanzi kakhulu ukuze izimbali zingawi kalula.
2. Ukukhethwa Kwezinhlobo Nembewu
Impumelelo yokutshala ama-apula inqunywa kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni ngokukhethwa kwezinhlobo. E-Indonesia, ezinye izinhlobo ezidumile zifaka phakathi iManalagi, iRome Beauty, kanye ne-Anna. IManalagi yaziwa ngokunambitheka kwayo okumnandi nokunuka kamnandi, kuyilapho iRome Beauty ivame ukuba nezithelo ezinkulu kanye nokunambitheka okumuncu kancane. Uhlobo lwe-Anna luyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi, kwezinye izindawo, lubhekwa njengolulula ukuthela izithelo.
Izithombo kufanele zitholakale ngokusabalala kwezitshalo, njengokufakelwa noma ukuhluma. Izithombo zezitshalo zithela izithelo ngokushesha kunezithombo futhi zinezimpawu ezifanayo. Khetha izithombo ezinempilo ezineziqu eziqinile, amaqabunga anombala, uhlelo oluhle lwezimpande, kanye nomfuyi odumile. Okungcono kakhulu, izithombo kufanele zibe nezinyanga ezingu-6-12 ubudala futhi zibe ngu-70-100 cm ubude, kuye ngohlobo kanye nezimo zokukhula.
3. Ukulungiswa Nokutshala Kwendawo
Insimu idinga ukusulwa ukhula nezinye izinsalela zezitshalo. Ngemva kwalokho, tshala inhlabathi ukuze uyikhulule futhi uqinisekise ukuthi umoya ungena kahle. Endaweni ethambekile, kunconywa ukufaka amasimu ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuguguleka komhlabathi futhi kube lula ukuyinakekela. Bamba imigodi yokutshala engaba ngu-60 x 60 x 60 cm, bese uyiyeka ihlale izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze uvumele amagesi anobuthi enhlabathini ukuthi aphele.
Isikhala sokutshala ngokuvamile singamamitha angu-3 x 3 noma angu-4 x 4, kuye ngokuvunda kwenhlabathi kanye nohlobo lwezinhlobo. Isikhala esiseduze siholela ekwandeni kwezitshalo, kodwa ukuthena kufanele kube lukhuni kakhulu ukuvimbela ukukhula ngokweqile.
Imbobo yokutshala ingaxutshwa nomquba ovuthiwe (10–20 kg ngomgodi ngamunye) kanye nomquba. Uma i-pH yenhlabathi iphansi kakhulu, i-dolomite ingangezwa ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi. Ukutshala kufanele kwenziwe ekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula ukuvimbela izithombo ukuthi zingasweli amanzi. Ngemva kokutshala, cindezela inhlabathi ngokwanele bese ufaka izigxobo (izisekelo) ukuvimbela izitshalo ukuthi zingawi.
4. Ukunakekelwa Kwezitshalo Zama-apula
a. Ukunisela Nokuphathwa Kwamanzi
Ngesikhathi sokuqala kokukhula, ukuchelela njalo kubalulekile, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zemvula encane. Ama-apula awathandi ukugcwala kwamanzi, ngakho-ke ukugeleza kwamanzi okuhle kubalulekile. Uma usebenzisa ukuchelela, uhlelo lokuconsa lungaba yindlela ephumelelayo ngoba lugcina umswakama wenhlabathi uzinzile ngaphandle kokwandisa umswakama owedlulele wekhava.
b. Ukuvundisa
Ukuvundisa kwenziwa njalo ukuze kusekelwe ukukhula kwezitshalo nokukhiqiza. Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela yamanyolo engokwemvelo kanye nengamakhemikhali. Umquba noma umquba kufakwa okungenani kabili ngonyaka ukuze kuthuthukiswe isakhiwo somhlabathi. Okwamanje, umanyolo we-NPK noma umanyolo owodwa (i-Urea, i-SP-36, i-KCl) ufakwa ngokwesigaba sokukhula kwesitshalo. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwamaqabunga negatsha, kudingeka i-nitrogen eyengeziwe. Kodwa-ke, njengoba kusondela ukuqhakaza nokwakheka kwezithelo, izidingo ze-phosphorus ne-potassium ziyanda ukuze kusekelwe ikhwalithi yezimbali, izithelo, kanye nokunambitheka.
c. Ukususa ukhula kanye nokumboza nge-mulching
Ukhula kumele lususwe ngoba luncintisana ngokudla izakhamzimba. Ukususa ukhula kungenziwa ngesandla noma ngamathuluzi. Ukusebenzisa i-mulch yemvelo (utshani, udoti) nxazonke kwesitshalo kusiza ukugcina umswakama, kucindezele ukhula, futhi kunezela izinto eziphilayo enhlabathini.
d. Ukuthena
Ukuthena kubalulekile ekutshalweni kwama-apula. Izitshalo zama-apula kumele zibunjwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukukhula ngokweqile futhi kuqinisekiswe ukusabalala kokukhanya kwelanga ngokulinganayo. Ukuthena kwenzelwa ukususa amagatsha afile, anesifo, noma akhula ngaphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthena kwemikhiqizo kuhlose ukukhuthaza ukuvela kwamahlumela amasha kanye namahlumela ezimbali.
Ezindaweni ezishisayo njenge-Indonesia, ama-apula nawo adinga ukwelashwa okukhethekile ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuqhakaza kwezimbali, njengoba kungekho ubusika obungabangela ukulala kwemvelo. Enye indlela eyaziwayo ukunquma amaqabunga, okuhilela ukususa amaqabunga ngesandla ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze kukhuthazwe ukwakheka kwezimbali. Ngemva kokunquma, umanyolo kanye nokunisela kudingeka kulawulwe ukuze kulungiselelwe isitshalo isigaba sokukhiqiza.
5. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Izinambuzane nezifo zinganciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezithelo kanye nekhwalithi yazo. Ezinye izinambuzane ezivame ukuhlasela ama-apula zifaka phakathi ama-aphid, ama-circuit, kanye nezimpukane zezithelo. Ama-aphid ngokuvamile abangela ukugoba kwamaqabunga kanye nokukhula okulimele. Izimpukane zezithelo zingabangela ukuthi izithelo zibole futhi ziwe ngaphambi kokuvunwa.
Izifo ezivamile zifaka phakathi amabala amaqabunga, isikhunta esinophuphu, kanye nokubola kwezithelo. Ukuze unciphise ingozi, sebenzisa indle engadini ngokususa izingxenye zezitshalo ezithelelekile, ugcine ukulawula ukhula, futhi uthuthukise ukuhamba komoya ngokusika. Ukuphathwa kwezinambuzane okuhlanganisiwe (i-IPM) kungasetshenziswa, kuhlanganisa izindlela zemishini, zebhayoloji, kanye nezamakhemikhali ngokuhlakanipha. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele kulandele imithamo enconywayo, kuqaphele izikhawu zokufafaza, futhi kuhambisane nezimiso zokuphepha kokudla.
6. Ukuqhakaza, Ukunciphisa Izithelo, Nokuvuna
Uma isitshalo sesingene esigabeni sokuqhakaza, kubalulekile ukugcina ukutholakala kwamanzi nezakhamzimba. Kwezinye izimo, ukunciphisa izithelo kwenziwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe usayizi wezithelo kanye nekhwalithi yazo. Ukunciphisa kusho ukunciphisa inani lezithelo eqenjini, okuvumela izithelo ezisele ukuthi zikhule zibe nkulu futhi zibe mnandi.
Ama-apula avame ukulungela ukuvunwa uma esefinyelele usayizi wawo ophezulu, umbala wesikhumba uhambisana nohlobo, futhi iphunga liqala ukuvela. E-Indonesia, isikhathi sokuvuna ngokuvamile siba yizinyanga ezingu-4-6 ngemva kokuqhakaza, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo luni kanye nezimo zemvelo. Ukuvunwa kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza isikhumba, njengoba ukulimala kungasheshisa ukubola. Izithelo ezivuniwe kufanele zihlungwe ngokushesha ngekhwalithi nosayizi.
7. Ngemva kokuvuna kanye nokumaketha
Ukuphathwa ngemva kokuvunwa kuhlanganisa ukuhlunga, ukuwasha okulula, ukupakisha, kanye nokugcina. Ama-apula asezingeni elihle angathengiswa esanda kukhiwa, kanti ama-apula anephutha angacutshungulwa abe imikhiqizo efana nejusi lama-apula, ama-apula ama-chips, ijamu, noma uviniga wama-apula. Ukuhlukahluka komkhiqizo kusiza ukwandisa inani elengeziwe futhi kunciphise ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yezithelo ezingahlangabezani nezindinganiso zemakethe entsha.
Ukupakishwa okuhle kuzovikela izithelo ekushayweni ngesikhathi sokusatshalaliswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasu okumaketha nawo abalulekile, njengokubambisana nabahwebi, izimakethe zesimanje, noma ukuthuthukisa ezokuvakasha kwezolimo zokuvuna ama-apula, okungakhulisa imali engenayo yabalimi.
I-Penutup
Ukutshala ama-apula kudinga ukukhuthala kanye nokuphathwa okuhleliwe, ikakhulukazi ekusikeni, ekufakeni umanyolo, kanye nokulawula izinambuzane nezifo. Uma izimo zokukhulisa zihlangatshezwana nazo futhi amasu okulima esetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, ama-apula angaba yimpahla enenzuzo. Ngamakhono abalimi athuthukisiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwembewu esezingeni eliphezulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemikhuba yokulima eqhubekayo, ibhizinisi lama-apula linamandla okukhula futhi lihlangabezane nesidingo semakethe yasekhaya kanye namathuba okuthumela kwamanye amazwe.
