Ukutshalwa Kwezitshalo zeMangosteen
I-Mangosteen (i-Garcinia mangostana) yaziwa ngokuthi "indlovukazi yezithelo" ngenxa yenyama yayo emnandi nentsha, ukuthungwa kwayo okuthambile, kanye nephunga elihlukile, elithandwa ngabaningi. E-Indonesia, i-mangosteen nayo inenani eliphezulu kwezomnotho, kokubili emakethe yendawo kanye nasekuthunyelweni kwamanye amazwe. Isidingo esizinzile senza ukutshalwa kwe-mangosteen kube yithuba elithembisayo lebhizinisi lezolimo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esifanelekile kanye nomhlabathi. Kodwa-ke, i-mangosteen iyisitshalo esihlala isikhathi eside esidinga isineke ngenxa yesikhathi sayo eside sobusha. Ngokuhlela okuhle, ukunakekelwa okufanele, kanye nokuphathwa kwengadi yezithelo okuhlanzekile, ukutshalwa kwe-mangosteen kungakhiqiza inzuzo yesikhathi eside.
1. Izimo Zokukhulisa Izitshalo Ze-Mangosteen
Ukutshalwa kwe-mangosteen okuphumelelayo kunqunywa kakhulu ukufaneleka komhlaba. I-mangosteen ngokuvamile ikhula kahle ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinomswakama ezinemvula elinganayo unyaka wonke. Imvula efanele isukela ku-1.500–2.500 mm ngonyaka, kanye nesizini esifushane esomile. Izinga lokushisa elikhethwayo lingu-22–32°C, futhi isitshalo siyazwela emimoyeni enamandla kanye nesomiso esihlala isikhathi eside.
Ngokuphathelene nokuphakama, i-mangosteen ingakhula ezindaweni eziphansi kuya ezindaweni eziphakathi, ngokuvamile amamitha angu-0–600 ngaphezu kolwandle, yize kwezinye izindawo ingachuma ezindaweni eziphakeme uma izimo ze-microclimate zivuma. Inhlabathi efanelekile ikhululekile, ivundile, i-sandy loam kuya ku-clay loam, icebile ngezinto eziphilayo, futhi ikhipha amanzi kahle. I-pH yenhlabathi efanelekile isukela ku-5,5–6,8. Inhlabathi ekhukhuleka kalula yandisa ingozi yokubola kwezimpande, ngakho-ke ukuphathwa kwamanzi kuyindaba ebalulekile.
2. Ukukhethwa Kwembewu Nokusabalala Kwayo
Izithombo ziyisici esinqumayo ekukhiqizeni insimu ye-mangosteen. Ngokwesiko, ama-mangosteen avame ukusabalala ngembewu. Kodwa-ke, ukusabalala kwembewu kunezinkinga: izitshalo zithatha isikhathi eside ukuthela izithelo futhi ukuguquguquka kokukhula kungenzeka. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kulinywe kakhulu, abalimi baphendukela ezithombo ezihlanganisiwe noma ezihlume, uma zikhona. Izithombo zezitshalo ngokuvamile zithela izithelo ngokushesha futhi zinezimpawu ezifanayo.
Izici zezithombo ezinhle zifaka: iziqu eziqinile, amaqabunga aluhlaza amasha, angenazo izimpawu zesifo, izimpande ezikhule kahle, futhi ezivela kubazali abakhiqizayo. Khetha izithombo ezikhule ngokwanele (isib., ezineminyaka engu-1-2 ubudala ukuze zithole imbewu enempilo) futhi esezijwayele indawo yangaphandle. Ngaphambi kokutshala ensimini, izithombo kufanele zijwayelane kancane kancane ukuze kugwenywe ukucindezeleka ngesikhathi sokutshala.
3. Ukulungiswa Nokutshala Kwendawo
Ukulungiswa kwendawo kuhilela ukususa ukhula, izihlahla, kanye nezinye izinsalela zezitshalo. Uma indawo ithambekile, kufanele kwenziwe amasimu ukuze kuncishiswe ukuguguleka komhlabathi. Endaweni eyisicaba evame ukukhukhulwa yizikhukhula, dala imisele yokukhipha amanzi kanye nemigodi ukuze kuvinjelwe amanzi ukuthi angahlangani eduze kwezimpande.
Imigodi yokutshala kufanele yenziwe ibe mikhulu ngokwanele, isibonelo 60x60x60 cm noma ngaphezulu, kuye ngezimo zenhlabathi. Inhlabathi engaphezulu evubukuliwe ihlukaniswa nomhlabathi ongaphansi bese ixutshwa nomquba ovuthiwe noma umquba (10-20 kg ngomgodi ngamunye). I-Dolomite ingangezwa uma i-pH yenhlabathi ine-asidi kakhulu. Imigodi yokutshala kufanele ilungiswe amasonto ama-2-4 ngaphambi kokutshala ukuze kuvunyelwe indawo yokukhula ukuthi ivuthwe futhi izinze.
Ibanga lokutshala imangosteen ngokuvamile lisukela kumamitha angu-8x8 kuya kwangu-10x10, njengoba i-mangosteen canopy ingakhula ibe banzi njengoba ikhula. Ukutshala kungcono kwenziwe ekuqaleni kwesizini yemvula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izithombo zithola amanzi anele ukuze zimise izimpande ezintsha. Uma utshala, dabula ngokucophelela isikhwama se-polybag ukuze ugweme ukulimaza izimpande, beka izithombo ziqonde, bese umboza ngengxube yenhlabathi nomanyolo we-organic. Ngemva kwalokho, nisela bese ufaka izigxobo (izisekelo) uma kudingeka.
4. Ukunakekelwa Kwezitshalo
a) Ukunisela Nokuphathwa Kwamanzi
Ezigabeni zokuqala (iminyaka engu-0-2), ama-mangosteen adinga umswakama ozinzile enhlabathini. Ukunisela kuyadingeka uma kungekho mvula, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sonyaka owomile. Kodwa-ke, amanzi akufanele ahlangane. Uhlelo lokumboza ngotshani, amaqabunga omile, noma umquba lungasiza ekugcineni umswakama futhi lucindezele ukhula.
b) Ukuvundisa
Ukufakwa komanyolo we-mangosteen kwenziwa ngezigaba ngokuya ngobudala besitshalo. Ngesikhathi sesigaba esincane, ukugxila kokufakwa komanyolo kugxile ekukhuthazeni ukukhula kwezitshalo (izimpande, iziqu, namaqabunga). Umanyolo we-organic usetshenziswa njalo ukuthuthukisa isakhiwo senhlabathi, kuyilapho umanyolo we-inorganic (isb., i-NPK) ungasetshenziswa ngokwezincomo zendawo. Njengoba isitshalo singena esigabeni sokukhiqiza, isidingo se-phosphorus ne-potassium siyanda ukusekela ukuqhakaza nokwakheka kwezithelo. Ukufakwa komanyolo kufanele kuhlukaniswe kabili noma kathathu ngonyaka, kusetshenziswe ngendlela eyindilinga ngaphansi kophahla lwesitshalo.
c) Ukususa Ukhula Nokulawula Ukhula
Ukhula lungancintisana ngamanzi kanye nezakhamzimba. Ukhula lungenziwa ngesandla noma ngamathuluzi. Kumelwe kuqashelwe uma usebenzisa imithi yokubulala ukhula ukuze kugwenywe ukulimaza izitshalo ezincane. Ukutshala izitshalo zokumboza kungaba yindlela yokunciphisa ukuguguleka nokucindezela ukhula.
d) Ukuthena
I-Mangosteen ayidingi ukuthenwa okunzima, kodwa ukuthenwa okulula kubalulekile ukuze kususwe amagatsha omile, anesifo, noma aminyene kakhulu. Uphahla oluminyene kakhulu lungandisa umswakama futhi lukhuthaze izifo. Ukuthenwa kungcono kwenziwe ngemva kokuvuna noma lapho ukukhula kungasebenzi kahle.
5. Ukulawulwa Kwezinambuzane Nezifo
Ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo kufanele kusebenzise izimiso Zokuphathwa Kwezinambuzane Ezihlanganisiwe (IPM). Ezinye izinambuzane ezingase zivele zifaka phakathi izibungu ezidla amaqabunga, izimbungulu ze-mealy, kanye nezinambuzane ezimuncayo, ezibangela ukuphuzi kwamaqabunga kanye nokukhula okungapheli. Izifo ezivamile zifaka phakathi ukubola kwezimpande okubangelwa yisikhunta enhlabathini emanzi, amabala amaqabunga, kanye nokubola kwezithelo ezimweni zensimu ezinomswakama kakhulu.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zifaka: ukugcina inhlanzeko yengadi, ukuthuthukisa ukugeleza kwamanzi, ukucheba izindawo ezinezifo, kanye nokusebenzisa umanyolo wemvelo ovuthiwe ukuthuthukisa ibhalansi yamagciwane enhlabathini. Uma ukutheleleka kukubi kakhulu, izibulala-zinambuzane noma izikhunta zingasetshenziswa ngemithamo enconywayo nangezikhathi ezifanele zokufaka, kuyilapho futhi kuqashelwa ukuphepha kokudla kanye nemvelo.
6. Ukuqhakaza, Ukuthela, Nokuvuna
I-Mangosteen isitshalo esithatha isikhathi eside ukuqala ukuthela izithelo, ikakhulukazi uma sikhule ngembewu. Izitshalo ezikhuliswe ngembewu ngokuvamile ziqala ukukhiqiza eminyakeni engu-8-12, kanti ukusabalala kwezitshalo kungathatha isikhathi esincane, isibonelo, iminyaka engu-5-7, kuye ngokunakekelwa kanye nezimo zenhlabathi.
Ama-mangosteen avunwa uma esevuthiwe ngokomzimba. Ukuvuthwa kuboniswa ukushintsha kombala kusuka koluhlaza kuya kobomvu onsomi kuya konsomi ojulile. Vuna ngokucophelela, njengoba isikhumba se-mangosteen sonakala kalula futhi ujusi ungangcolisa isithelo. Sebenzisa izikere zokuthena noma ithuluzi lokuvuna, ushiye isiqu esifushane, futhi ugweme ukuwisa isithelo phansi.
7. Ngemva kokuvuna kanye nokumaketha
Ukuphathwa ngemva kokuvunwa kunquma ikhwalithi yezithelo, ikakhulukazi emakethe yekhwalithi ephezulu kanye neyokuthumela kwamanye amazwe. Ngemva kokuvunwa, izithelo zihlelwa ngobukhulu, ukuvuthwa, kanye nesimo sesikhumba. Izithelo ezinesici, eziphukile, noma ezivuthiwe ngokweqile ziyasuswa. Ama-mangosteen abe esehlanzwa futhi apakishwe kubhasikidi noma emabhokisini anezimbobo ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuhamba kahle komoya. Indawo yokugcina epholile ingandisa isikhathi sokuphila kweshelufu, kodwa gwema amazinga okushisa abandayo kakhulu ukuze kuvinjelwe umonakalo obandayo.
Ngokuphathelene nokumaketha, abalimi bangathengisa ngabaqoqi, izimakethe zendabuko, babambisane nabathumeli ngaphandle, noma bakhe imikhiqizo yabo emakethe yokuthengisa. Izindinganiso zekhwalithi, ukuqhubeka kokuhlinzeka, kanye nokuhlanzeka yizici ezibalulekile ekuheheni abathengi abakhulu.
8. Isiphetho
Ukutshalwa kwe-mangosteen kuyindlela yokutshala imali ethembisayo yesikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo ezinemvula eyanele kanye nenhlabathi evundile, ekhipha amanzi kahle. Isihluthulelo sempumelelo sisekukhetheni imbewu engcono kakhulu, ukulungiswa komhlaba okufanele, ukunakekelwa okujulile ngesikhathi sokuqala kokukhula, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane nezifo okuhlanganisiwe. Nakuba kuthatha isikhathi eside ukuthela izithelo, i-mangosteen inikeza isivuno esihle ngenxa yentengo yayo ephezulu yokuthengisa kanye nesidingo esiqhubekayo. Ngokuphathwa kwezitshalo okuhlelekile kanye nokuphathwa okufanele ngemva kokuvuna, i-mangosteen ingaba impahla enenzuzo kubalimi kanye namabhizinisi ezolimo.
Uma ufisa, ngingaphinde ngivumelanise lesi sihloko nesimo sesifunda esithile (isib. iWest Java, iWest Sumatra, noma i-NTB), okuhlanganisa nezincomo ezinemininingwane eminingi zebanga lokutshala kanye nezinhlelo zokufaka umanyolo.
