Ukuphathwa Kokunisela Emasimini E-Paddy
Ukuphathwa kokunisela kungenye yezihluthulelo zokutshala irayisi esezingeni eliphansi ngempumelelo. Amanzi awasebenzi nje kuphela njengomthombo wezidingo zomzimba zezitshalo, kodwa futhi adlala indima ekudaleni izimo zemvelo ezisekela ukukhula kwerayisi, zicindezele ukhula, futhi zithonye ukusebenza kahle komanyolo. Phakathi kwezinselele zokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, izinsiza zamanzi ezilinganiselwe, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza ezikhuphukayo, ukuphathwa kwamanzi okufanele kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni isivuno esiphezulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi okuphumelelayo.
Indima Yamanzi Ekulimeni Utshani
Ilayisi laziwa njengesitshalo esihlala emanzini kancane esichuma ezimweni ezikhukhula. Ukugcwala kwamanzi kusiza ukugcina amazinga okushisa enhlabathi azinzile, kunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwesomiso, futhi kuvimbela ukukhula kokhula oluthile. Kodwa-ke, ilayisi alidingi ukugcwala kwamanzi okuqhubekayo njalo. Ezigabeni eziningi zokukhula, ilayisi lingakhula kahle ngezinhlelo ezilawulwayo zomile-ezimanzi, inqobo nje uma ukutholakala kwamanzi kusanele futhi kungabangeli ukucindezeleka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi nawo athinta ukutholakala kwezakhamzimba enhlabathini. Isibonelo, ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhukhula, inhlabathi iba buthakathaka kakhulu, okuvumela ezinye izakhamzimba, njenge-phosphorus, ukuthi zitholakale kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ingozi yokulahlekelwa yi-nitrogen ngokuyisusa emanzini nayo iyanda uma ukuphathwa komanyolo kungahambisani nokuphathwa kwamanzi.
Izimiso Eziyisisekelo Zokuphathwa Kokunisela
Ukuphathwa kokunisela ezindaweni zerayisi kuhloselwe ukwenza lokhu okulandelayo: (1) ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi ngokwezidingo zezitshalo esigabeni ngasinye sokukhula, (2) ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi ngokunciphisa ukulahleka okubangelwa ukubhoboka, ukuvuza kwamanzi kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi, kanye (3) nokugcina izimo zomhlaba zisekela ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezimpande.
Le mizamo ingasetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningana, njengokulawula ukuphakama kokugcwala kwamanzi, ukuhlela ukutholakala kwamanzi, ukugcina iziteshi zokunisela, kanye nokugcina imingcele yensimu yelayisi ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza kwamanzi.
Izidingo Zamanzi Ngokusekelwe Esigabeni Sokukhula
Izidingo zamanzi zelayisi ziyahlukahluka kuye ngesigaba sokukhula. Ngakho-ke, amasu okunisela kufanele avumelane nezigaba.
1. Ukutshalwa kwenhlabathi kanye nokuhlwanyela imbewu
Ngesikhathi sokulima, amanzi ayadingeka ukuze kuthambe inhlabathi, kube lula ukulima, futhi kusize ekulinganiseni inhlabathi. Ukulinganisa inhlabathi kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanzi ayalingana futhi kuncishiswe ukulahleka kwamanzi ngenxa yokugeleza kwamanzi ebusweni. Ngesikhathi sesigaba sokutshala, izidingo zamanzi zizinzile, kodwa ukugcwala kwamanzi ngokweqile kungenza izithombo zibe buthaka noma kuzenze zibe sengozini yezifo.
2. Ukutshala–isigaba sokuqala sokutshala (izinsuku ezingu-0–30 ngemva kokutshala)
Phakathi nalesi sigaba, izitshalo ziyazivumelanisa nezimo futhi zakhe ama-tiller. Ukukhukhula okuncane (cishe ama-2-5 cm) kuvame ukusetshenziswa ukusiza ukucindezela ukhula nokugcina umswakama wenhlabathi. Kodwa-ke, ukukhukhula okujulile kakhulu kungavimbela izimpande futhi kunciphise ukwakheka kwama-tiller kwezinye izimo.
3. Isigaba esiphezulu sokutshala (izinsuku ezingu-30-45)
Izitshalo zidinga amanzi anele, kodwa izifundo eziningi zikhombisile ukuthi ukomisa ukukhanya njalo kungakhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande okujulile futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokusetshenziswa kwamanzi. Isu lokushintshana ngokumanzi nokwomile kungaba yindlela, uma nje lingabangeli imifantu ejulile yenhlabathi noma ukubuna kwezitshalo.
4. Isigaba sokuzala (ukwakheka kwe-panicle kuya ekuqhakazeni)
Lesi yisigaba esibaluleke kakhulu sokuntuleka kwamanzi. Isomiso kulesi sigaba singaholela ekugcwaleni kwe-panicle okuphazamisekile, ukwanda kokusanhlamvu okungenalutho, kanye nokwehla kwesivuno. Ngokuvamile kunconywa ukugcina ukutholakala kwamanzi okuzinzile ngokusebenzisa amachibi angajulile noma ukugcina umswakama wenhlabathi.
5. Isigaba sokugcwalisa okusanhlamvu kuya ekuphekeni
Phakathi nalesi sigaba, izidingo zamanzi zihlala zibalulekile kodwa zingancishiswa kancane kancane. Ukomisa ngaphambi kokuvuna kuvame ukwenziwa ukuqinisekisa ukuvuthwa okufanayo nokwenza kube lula ukuvuna. Kodwa-ke, ukomisa kusenesikhathi kunganciphisa isisindo sokusanhlamvu.
Amasu Okunisela Asebenzayo: Ukunisela Okusheshayo kanye ne-AWD
Enye indlela esetshenziswa kabanzi ukunisela ngezikhathi ezithile, noma i-Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD). Ngokomthetho, amasimu elayisi awagcwali njalo, kodwa avunyelwe ukwehla aye ezingeni elithile lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, bese eniselwa futhi. Le ndlela ingasindisa amanzi kakhulu ngaphandle kokunciphisa isivuno futhi, kwezinye izimo, ingakhulisa nokukhiqiza ngokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezimpande okuqinile.
Ukuqaliswa kwe-AWD kuvame ukwenziwa lula ngokufaka amapayipi okubuka (amashubhu e-AWD) agqitshwe emasimini elayisi. Abalimi bangaqapha ukwehla kwezinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi banqume ukuthi kufanele baphinde banisele nini, isibonelo, lapho izinga lamanzi lehla liye ku-10-15 cm ngaphansi komhlabathi. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqhakaza, i-AWD idinga ukuqaliswa ngokucophelela noma ungqimba oluncane lwamanzi lugcinwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukucindezeleka.
Ukuphathwa Kwengqalasizinda: Iziteshi kanye Nezindawo Zokugoba
Ukuphathwa kokunisela akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi amanzi alethwa nini, kodwa futhi nesimo sengqalasizinda. Imisele yokunisela evalekile noma evuzayo ibangela ukusatshalaliswa kwamanzi okungalingani. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanzwa njalo kwenhlabathi kanye nokhula lwasemanzini kubalulekile.
Izimbobo zamasimu elayisi nazo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni amanzi. Izimbobo eziqhekekile noma ezinezimbobo ezibangelwa amagundane zingaholela ekuvuza okukhulu kanye nokuchitha amanzi. Ukugcina izimbobo, ukuvala imigodi, kanye nokulungisa okulula kwesango lezikhukhula (njengokusebenzisa amapulangwe noma izikhwama zesihlabathi) kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokunisela.
Ukuhlanganiswa Kokunisela Nokuvundisa Nokulawula Ukhula
Ukuphathwa kwamanzi kuhlobene kakhulu nomanyolo. Kumanyolo we-nitrogen njenge-urea, ukujula kakhulu echibini noma ukusetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokugeleza kwamanzi kungandisa ukulahleka kwe-nitrogen. Umkhuba ongcono ukufaka umanyolo lapho amanzi emile noma lapho umswakama wanele, bese usebenzisa i-ponding encane ngemuva kwalokho ukuze umanyolo uncibilike futhi ungene endaweni yezimpande.
Ekulawuleni ukhula, ukukhukhula okungajulile ezigabeni zokuqala kungacindezela ukhula olunamaqabunga abanzi kanye notshani obuthile. Kodwa-ke, ezinhlelweni ze-AWD, ukomisa ngezikhathi ezithile kungavumela ukhula ukuthi lukhule uma ukulawulwa kungenziwa ngesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, ukhula noma ukusetshenziswa kokubulala ukhula kumele kulungiswe ngokwephethini yokunisela esetshenziswayo.
Izinselele kanye namasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo
Ezinye zezinselele ezivamile ekuphatheni ukunisela irayisi ezindaweni eziphansi zifaka phakathi ukutholakala kwamanzi okungaqinisekile, izingxabano zokusatshalaliswa phakathi kwabalimi, kanye nokushintsha kwamaphethini emvula. Amasu okuzivumelanisa nezimo afaka phakathi ukuhlela ukujikeleziswa kwamanzi okucacile, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokunisela ezisebenzisa amanzi kahle njenge-AWD (Water-Wave Irrigation System), ukulinganisa umhlaba kusetshenziswa amasu okulinganisa, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezibekezelela isomiso noma izikhukhula zesikhashana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obulula njengemitha yamanzi, amasango amanzi amancane phakathi kwamasimu, kanye nokuqopha amashejuli okunisela kungasiza abalimi ukuba benze izinqumo ngokusekelwe ezimweni zasensimini, hhayi nje emikhubeni.
Isiphetho
Ukuphathwa kokunisela kwezitshalo zerayisi zasezindaweni eziphansi kuhlanganisa ulwazi lwezidingo zamanzi ezitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kwamasu okunisela afanele, kanye nokugcinwa kwengqalasizinda yomhlaba neyemisele. Ngokulungisa ukunisela ngokusekelwe ezigabeni zokukhula, ukusebenzisa ukunisela ngezikhathi ezithile njenge-AWD (i-Aquifer-Wide Watering System), kanye nokuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kwamanzi nokufaka umanyolo kanye nokulawula ukhula, abalimi bangonga amanzi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yisivuno. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuphathwa kokunisela okusebenzayo kuzoba kubaluleke kakhulu ekugcineni umkhiqizo werayisi ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ukusimama kwemithombo yamanzi.
