Ithiyori Enengqondo Yolwazi
Emlandweni wefilosofi, umbuzo wokuthi abantu bazi kanjani ubulokhu uphakathi kwempikiswano. Ulwazi luvelaphi? Ulwazi luthembekile ngezinga elingakanani? Ingabe iqiniso linqunywa isipiliyoni sezinzwa, noma kunalokho ikhono lokucabanga? Phakathi kwezimpendulo ezahlukahlukene ezinikezwayo, inkolelo-mbono enengqondo yolwazi—noma i-rationalism—ithatha isikhundla esibalulekile. Lo mbono ugcizelela ukuthi umthombo wolwazi othembeke kakhulu yingqondo: ikhono lomuntu lokucabanga, ukucabanga, nokufinyelela iziphetho ezinengqondo. Ngamanye amazwi, i-rationalism ikholelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo zolwazi ezingatholakala ngaphandle kokuthembela ngokuphelele kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Ukuqonda Imfundiso Yolwazi Olunengqondo
Ithiyori enengqondo yolwazi ingumbono we-epistemological othi ukucabanga kuyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokuthola ulwazi lweqiniso. I-Rationalism ayikwenqabi nhlobo okuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa, kodwa ikubona njengokuvame ukulinganiselwa, okuguquguqukayo, futhi okukhohlisayo. Ngakho-ke, i-rationalism ifuna ukuqiniseka ngezakhiwo zomcabango ezihambisanayo, njengokunquma, izimiso ezinengqondo, kanye nemibono ebhekwa njengeyomhlaba wonke.
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, ulwazi lubhekwa njengolusebenzayo uma lungalungiswa ngokunengqondo: lungachazwa ngokucabanga okuqondile, okungenakuphikisana futhi lulandele imithetho efanele yokucabanga. Isibonelo esilula solwazi olunengqondo iqiniso lezibalo: “2 + 2 = 4” akudingeki ukuthi lihlolwe ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuphindaphindiwe ukuze libhekwe njengeliqiniso; liyiqiniso ngenxa yesakhiwo salo esinengqondo.
Isizinda Somlando Sokucabanga Okunengqondo
Ukucabanga ngendlela enengqondo kwachuma enkathini yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi eYurophu yekhulu le-17 nele-18, ngenxa yentuthuko yesayensi kanye nenkinga yegunya lendabuko. Abantu ababalulekile ekucabangeni ngendlela enengqondo kwanamuhla bahlanganisa uRené Descartes, uBaruch Spinoza, noGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Naphezu kokungafani kwabo, bonke abathathu bavumelana ngokuthi ukucabanga kungakhiqiza ulwazi oluqinisekile noluyisisekelo.
Nokho, izimpande zobuhlakani empeleni zingalandelelwa emuva kakhulu kwifilosofi yamaGreki. Ngokwesibonelo, uPlato wayekholelwa ukuthi ulwazi lweqiniso aluveli ezweni elishintshayo lezinzwa, kodwa kunalokho ezweni laphakade lemibono efinyeleleka engqondweni. U-Aristotle, okwamanje, wagcizelela kakhulu ulwazi, kodwa waqaphela indima ebalulekile yobuhlakani ekwakheni ulwazi. Kuwo wonke lo mlando omude, ubuhlakani bulokhu bushintsha, bungqubuzana, futhi buhileleka engxoxweni namanye amasiko.
UDescartes kanye nokuqiniseka ngokungabaza
URené Descartes uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi uyise we-rationalism yesimanje . Udume ngendlela yakhe "yokungabaza okuhlelekile," ehilela ukungabaza konke okungase kungatshazwa ukuze kutholakale isisekelo esiqinisekile solwazi. Waphikisana ngokuthi, okuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa kungaba okukhohlisayo: izinto zibonakala zincane uma usuka kude, imigqa eqondile ibonakala igobile emanzini, amaphupho abonakala engokoqobo. Uma izinzwa zingase zibe namaphutha, khona-ke ulwazi olusekelwe kuzo ngokuphelele lungatshazwa.
Kusukela kulokho kungabaza, uDescartes wathola isiqiniseko esisodwa: “Cogito, ergo sum” — ngicabanga, ngakho-ke nginguye. KuDescartes, iqiniso lokungabaza lafakazela ukuthi wayecabanga; futhi uma ayecabanga, wayekhona njengesihloko sokucabanga. Lesi yisibonelo esijwayelekile sokucabanga: ukuqiniseka akuveli ekubukeni umhlaba, kodwa ekuziboneni kwengqondo ngokwako.
Imibono Engokwemvelo Nendima Yemiqondo
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ze-rationalism umqondo wokuthi abantu banemibono engokwemvelo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi lonke ulwazi lungokwemvelo ngokuphelele, kodwa kunalokho ingqondo inesakhiwo esiyisisekelo esivumela ukuthi sakhe ulwazi oluthile ngaphandle kokulinda ulwazi. Isibonelo, imiqondo yenombolo, ubunikazi, imbangela enengqondo nomphumela, noma isimiso sokungaphikisani.
Ngokwesibonelo, uLeibniz waphikisana ngokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho "kuvusa" amandla asevele ekhona engqondweni. Njengoba nje imabula isivele inemithambo ethile, ukudweba kumane kwembula amaphethini akhona kakade. Ngakho-ke, ulwazi oluthile kucatshangwa ukuthi luvela emandleni angaphakathi okucabanga, hhayi ezweni langaphandle lodwa.
Ukunciphisa njengendlela eyinhloko
Ku-rationalism, ukukhipha kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthola ulwazi: ukusuka ezimisweni ezijwayelekile ezithathwa njengeziyiqiniso kuya eziphethweni ezithile. Le ndlela inamandla ngoba ikhiqiza iziphetho ezilandela ngokunengqondo kusukela ezimisweni zayo. Uma lezo zizathu ziyiqiniso futhi ukucabanga kuyiqiniso, khona-ke isiphetho kumelwe sibe yiqiniso.
USpinoza waze wabhala ngisho nencwadi yakhe yokuziphatha njengencwadi ye-geometry, enezincazelo, ama-axioms, kanye neziphakamiso. Lokhu kubonisa inkolelo yakhe yokuthi ulwazi—okuhlanganisa nobuntu bomuntu kanye nokuziphatha—lungakhiwa ngokuqinile njengezibalo. Ngendlela yalo efanele, i-rationalism ifuna ulwazi oluhlelekile, oluhlelekile, futhi olungenakho ukungaqiniseki okubonakalayo.
Ukucabanga Okunengqondo Neqiniso
Ngokuphathelene nokuqonda, iqiniso alikho nje "ngokwalokho okuhlangenwe nakho," kodwa kunalokho lihambisana nokuvumelana okunengqondo kanye nokucaca komqondo. UDescartes wagcizelela umbandela "wokucacile nokuhlukile": uma umqondo uqondwa ngokucacile ngokuphelele futhi ungaxubene nokudideka, khona-ke ufanele ukubhekwa njengeqiniso. Nakuba lo mbandela usuxoxiswane ngawo, ubonisa ukuthambekela kokuqonda okunengqondo kokuhlanganisa iqiniso nokuhleleka komcabango.
Kodwa-ke, le ndlela iphakamisa nemibuzo: ingabe yonke imiqondo ebonakala isobala iyiqiniso ngempela? Singaqinisekisa kanjani ukuthi ukucabanga akudali uhlelo oluhlelekile oluhlanekezela umhlaba? Yilapho impikiswano phakathi kokucabanga kanye nokuqonda iba bukhali khona.
Ukugxekwa Kobuqambi Nokwenziwa Kwanamuhla
Ubu-Empiricism—obumelelwa ngabantu abanjengoJohn Locke , uGeorge Berkeley, noDavid Hume—bagxeka i-rationalism ngokubheka kwayo ukuthembela ngokweqile emandleni okucabanga. ULocke wenqaba umqondo wokuzalwa futhi waphikisana ngokuthi ingqondo yomuntu izalwa “njengesilayidi esingenalutho” (tabula rasa), nokuthi ulwazi luvela kokuhlangenwe nakho. UHume waze wangabaza nomqondo wesizathu nomphumela njengomkhuba wengqondo osekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho okuphindaphindiwe, hhayi ekuqinisekeni okunengqondo.
Le mpikiswano yafinyelela iphuzu elibalulekile emcabangweni ka- Immanuel Kant . UKant wazama ukuhlanganisa lokhu okubili: wavuma ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kubalulekile, kodwa wagcizelela nokuthi okuhlangenwe nakho kungenzeka kuphela ukukuqonda ngoba ingqondo inesakhiwo esithile sesigaba. Ngakho-ke, i-rationalism yanikela ekuqondeni ukuthi ulwazi "alwamukelwa" nje ngaphandle, kodwa futhi "lwakhiwa" yimicabango yabantu.
Ukubaluleka Kwemfundiso Enengqondo Yolwazi Namuhla
Ezweni lanamuhla, inkolelo-mbono yolwazi enengqondo isasebenza emikhakheni eminingi. Ezibalweni, ekucabangeni, kanye nasesayensini yekhompyutha, ukucabanga okuqondile kuyisisekelo esiyinhloko. Ezingxoxweni zokuziphatha nezomthetho, izimpikiswano ezinengqondo ziyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe izimiso ezifanele nezihambisanayo. Ngisho nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ikhono lokucabanga ngokujulile—ukuhlola izizathu, ukugwema ukuphikisana, kanye nokwenza iziphetho ezinengqondo—kuyikhono elibalulekile elinengqondo.
Enkathini yolwazi kanye nokwaziswa okungelona iqiniso okugcwele ngokweqile, indlela enengqondo iba ithuluzi lokuhlunga izimangalo: ingabe isitatimende sinempikiswano efanelekile? Ingabe isiphetho silandela kusukela ekuqaleni? Ingabe kukhona amaphutha anengqondo noma ukukhohlisa ngokomzwelo? Ukucabanga, ngomqondo walo obanzi, kuholela abantu ekubeni bangakholwa nje kuphela, kodwa bafune izizathu.
Isiphetho
Ithiyori enengqondo yolwazi igomela ngokuthi ukucabanga kuwumthombo obalulekile—ngisho oyinhloko—wolwazi oluthile. Ngokugcizelela imibono yangaphakathi, ukufinyelelwa, kanye nokuvumelana okunengqondo, ukucabanga ngokwemvelo kunikeza imodeli yolwazi ehlelekile nevivinywayo. Naphezu kokugxekwa okuvela kuma-empiricists kanye nezinselele ekuchazeni ubudlelwano phakathi kwemibono neqiniso , ukucabanga ngokwemvelo kuhlala kuyisisekelo esiqinile emasikweni efilosofi nesayensi. Ekugcineni, ukuqonda ithiyori enengqondo yolwazi kusisiza ukuba siqonde indima yesizathu ekufuneni iqiniso—kokubili emcabangweni wefilosofi nasempilweni engokoqobo yezimangalo nokukhetha.
