Incazelo ye-Nihilism Ngokusho kukaNietzsche
I-Nihilism ingenye yamagama angukhiye adumile kakhulu kufilosofi kaFriedrich Nietzsche. Kodwa-ke, leli gama livame ukungaqondwa kahle ngokuthi "ukungakholelwa lutho," "ukuphila akunalutho," noma "noma yini iyavunyelwa ngoba akukho ukuziphatha okuhle." KuNietzsche, i-nihilism akuyona nje i-desimism yomuntu siqu, kodwa isenzakalo esibanzi emasikweni aseNtshonalanga: isimo somlando lapho izindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu ebezisekela isikhathi eside incazelo yokuphila zilahlekelwa amandla azo okubopha. I-Nihilism-ke, i-nihilism iyinkinga yencazelo—hhayi nje inkinga yemizwa.
Umsuka Wenkinga: “Ukufa KukaNkulunkulu” Nokuwa Kwezindinganiso Eziphakeme
Ukuze siqonde inkolelo kaNietzsche yokuthi uNkulunkulu akakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, sidinga ukuqonda inkulumo yakhe edumile: "UNkulunkulu ufile." Lokhu akuyona inkulumo elula yenkolo yokuthi uNkulunkulu ufile ngokoqobo. Kuyisifo samasiko: izinkolelo ezingokoqobo nezenkolo ebeziyisisekelo sokuziphatha, injongo, kanye nokuhleleka kwezwe laseNtshonalanga ziya ngokuya zingagculisi. Isayensi yanamuhla, ukugxekwa komlando, ushintsho lomphakathi, kanye nokuthuthuka kokucabanga kwenze abantu abaningi abasakholelwa ngempela ezisekelweni ezindala.
Lapho “uNkulunkulu” njengophawu oluyinhloko lwencazelo ewa, izindinganiso ezincike kukho nazo ziyawa: umqondo weqiniso eliphelele, ukuziphatha okujwayelekile, injongo empilweni emiswe “phezulu,” kanye nesiqinisekiso sokuthi ukuhlupheka kunencazelo edlula konke. KuNietzsche, leli yisango lokungena ku-nihilism: sisaphila nezigaba zokuziphatha ezindala, kodwa izisekelo ezazizisekela sezibuthakathaka. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu banamuhla bazithola besesimweni “sokuphakathi”: abasakholelwa ngokugcwele ezindinganisweni ezindala, kodwa abakakwazi ukudala ezintsha.
Ukungabi Nalo I-Nihilism Njengesibonakaliso: Ukulahlekelwa “Isizathu” Sokuphila
UNietzsche wayebheka i-nihilism njengesimo lapho abantu belahlekelwa khona impendulo yombuzo othi "yini injongo?" Wabhala ukuthi i-nihilism yenzeka lapho "izindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zilahlekelwa yinani lazo." Lokhu kusho ukuthi izinto ezazibhekwa njengezibaluleke kakhulu—iqiniso, ubuhle, insindiso, injongo yokuziphatha—azisanikezi ugqozi lokuphila. Abantu bayaqhubeka nokuphila imikhuba yabo, bephishekela umsebenzi, isikhundla, ukuzijabulisa, ngisho nokuziphatha okuhle emphakathini, kodwa ngaphandle kokuqiniseka okujulile ukuthi lezi zinto ziwusizo ngempela.
Yilapho i-nihilism ingabi nje inkolelo-mbono, kodwa ibe yinto engokoqobo: umuzwa wokungabi nalutho, isithukuthezi, ukungakholwa, noma umuzwa wokuthi zonke izimpumelelo azisho lutho. Kodwa uNietzsche akagcini ngesici sengqondo. Ugcizelela ubukhulu bamasiko: i-nihilism ingazibonakalisa kwezobuciko, kwezombusazwe, kwisayensi, nasendleleni umphakathi obheka ngayo isintu. Isibonelo, lapho impilo incishiswa yaba yizindlela nje zebhayoloji, noma lapho ukuziphatha kuphenduka imithetho engenalutho, engenamphefumulo, sibona iminonjana ye-nihilism.
UbuNihilism Obungenamsebenzi kanye nobuNihilism Obusebenzayo
Enye yeminikelo ebalulekile kaNietzsche kwakuwukuhlukanisa imikhuba emibili ye-nihilism: ukungasebenzi kanye nokusebenza.
I-passive nihilism isimo sengqondo sokuzidela. Lapho izindinganiso ezindala ziwa, umuntu uwela ekukhathaleni ngokomoya: "Akusizi ngalutho," "Kuyafana," "Kungcono ukungathembi." I-passive nihilism ivame ukufuna indlela yokuphunyuka: induduzo, ukuzijabulisa, noma ukuziphatha okulula nokududuzayo. Kuseduze nokukhathala, ukunganaki, kanye nesifiso sokunciphisa ukuqina kwempilo. Ngendlela yayo exakile, i-passive nihilism ingasondela esifisweni "sokunyamalala" emzabalazweni wempilo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Active nihilism ingamandla abhubhisayo avula namathuba amasha. Iqaphela ukuthi izindinganiso ezindala azisanele futhi ngamabomu "ichitha" izinkolelo-ze ezibhekwa njengezingcwele. I-Active nihilism akuyona nje inzondo yokuphila, kodwa kunalokho iyisivivinyo, inselele, futhi ngisho "nokubhubhisa" izindinganiso ukuze isintu sikwazi ukwakha kabusha. Ngalo mqondo, i-active nihilism iyisigaba sokuguquka: isimo esiyingozi, kodwa futhi siyadingeka ekuvuseleleni.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela: UNietzsche akazange adumise ubuNihilism. Wakubona njengenkinga enkulu okufanele inqotshwe, hhayi ukuphela kwayo.
Kungani Ukuziphatha Okujwayelekile Kuwumthombo WobuNihilism?
UNietzsche waphikisana ngokuthi ubuNihilism baseNtshonalanga bunezimpande zabo kudala ngaphambi kwesimanje, okungukuthi emasikweni e-metaphysics kanye nokuziphatha okubeka "izwe langempela" ngaphezu "kwaleli zwe." Izinhlelo eziningi zefilosofi nezenkolo - ekufundweni kukaNietzsche - zifundisa ukuthi impilo yansuku zonke imane iyisithunzi, isivivinyo, noma into ephansi; incazelo yangempela ingaphezu kwezwe: ezulwini, imibono yaphakade, noma iqiniso elingaphezu kwalokho.
KuNietzsche, le ndlela yokucabanga iveza imbewu ye-nihilism ngoba yehlisa inani lokuphila okuqinile. Lapho abantu befundiswa ukuthi inani eliphakeme kakhulu liyinto engaphandle komhlaba, leli zwe libhekwa njengelinganele. Futhi lapho ukukholelwa ezweni elingaphezu komhlaba liwa, okusele "yileli zwe"—kodwa sesifundile kakade ukulinciphisa inani. Ngenxa yalokho, isintu silahlekelwa isisekelo saso sencazelo: izwe elingaphezu komhlaba liyalahleka, kodwa ikhono lokuthanda leli zwe nalo liyabuthakathaka. Yingakho i-nihilism ingaba nzulu kangaka.
UNietzsche uphinde wagxeka ukuziphatha ayekholelwa ukuthi kwavela “ekwenqabeni ukuphila,” njengokuziphatha okudumisa ubuthakathaka, umuzwa wecala, noma ukuzithoba ngokweqile. Ngokombono wakhe, lolu hlobo lokuziphatha, nakuba lubonakala “luhle,” lungaqeda amandla omuntu nesibindi sokuqinisekisa ukuphila.
Ukunqoba UbuNihilism: Ukudala Izindinganiso Ezintsha
Uma i-nihilism iwukuwa kwezindinganiso, khona-ke ukuphunyuka kuzo akusho ukubuyela ezintweni ezindala eziqinisekile. Kunalokho, uNietzsche ukhuthaza isintu ukuba sakhe izindinganiso ezintsha—izindinganiso ezingaxhomekile ezweni elingaphezu kwamandla kodwa ezivela ekuqinisekisweni kokuphila ngokwako.
Lapha kuvela isihloko esikhulu sikaNietzsche: i-Übermensch (evame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi "superman" noma "superman," yize lokhu kuhumusha kuvame ukudukisa). I-Übermensch akuyona nje into eqanjiwe enamandla ngokomzimba, kodwa kunalokho iyisibonakaliso sobuntu esikwazi ukudlula inkinga ye-nihilism ngokudala incazelo. Akalindi imiyalo yangaphandle—evela kuNkulunkulu, emasikweni, noma ohlelweni lokuziphatha olungabonakali —kodwa uthatha umthwalo wokuba “umniki-nani.”
Omunye umqondo obalulekile yintando yamandla. Lokhu akusikho nje isifiso sokubusa abanye, kodwa kunalokho amandla ayisisekelo okuphila okukhula, ukuhumusha, ukwakha, nokunqoba izithiyo. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, ukudlulela ngale kwe-nihilism kusho ukuvumela amandla okudala okuphila ukuthi asebenze: ukudala, ukuhlola, ukuzama, nokwakha indlela yokuphila enamandla kakhulu.
Uvivinyo Oluphelele: I-Amor Fati kanye ne-“Eternity Returns”
UNietzsche uphinde wanikeza indlela ejulile yokuhlola ukuthi umuntu useyinqobile kangakanani ngempela i-nihilism: amor fati—uthando lwekusasa. Lokhu akusikho ukuzidela, kodwa kunalokho kuyisimo sengqondo sokuqinisekisa: ukukwazi ukuthi “yebo” empilweni, okuhlanganisa ukuhlupheka, ukwehluleka, nokungapheleli, njengengxenye yalokho esikhetha ukukwamukela.
Okuhlobene nalokhu umqondo wokuphindaphinda kwaphakade: cabanga ngempilo yakho, kuyo yonke imininingwane yayo, kufanele iziphinde ngokungapheli. Ungakugxeka, noma ungakwamukela? KuNietzsche, ikhono lokuqinisekisa impilo ngale ndlela liyindlela enamandla kakhulu yokulwa ne-nihilism. Uma i-nihilism ithi “impilo ayifanele ukuphila,” khona-ke isiqinisekiso sikaNietzsche sithi “impilo ifanele ukuphila—noma ngabe kufanele iziphinde kuze kube phakade.”
Isiphetho
Ngokusho kukaNietzsche, i-nihilism iyinkinga yezindinganiso kanye nencazelo ephakama lapho izisekelo ze-metaphysical nezenkolo zilahlekelwa amandla azo. I-Nihilism akuyona nje umuzwa womuntu ngamunye wokungabi nalutho, kodwa yinto ebanzi yamasiko: "izindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu zilahlekelwa yinani lazo." UNietzsche uhlukanisa phakathi kwe-nihilism ekhubazayo, engenzi lutho kanye ne-nihilism esebenzayo engasebenza njengebhuloho lokuvuselelwa. Ubona izimpande ze-nihilism emasikweni anciphisa leli zwe esikhundleni somunye, ukuze kuthi lapho "elinye izwe" liwa, leli zwe lizizwe lingenalutho.
Kodwa uNietzsche wayengeyena umprofethi wokuphelelwa yithemba. Wayengumuntu ohluza kakhulu futhi engumcabangi owayefuna ukusunduza isintu ngale kwe-nihilism. Indlela yokuphuma itholakala ekudalweni kwezindinganiso ezintsha, ukuqinisekiswa kokuphila, isibindi sokuthatha umthwalo wemfanelo wencazelo, kanye nekhono lokuthi "yebo" empilweni—ngokuphelele. Ngaleyo ndlela, i-nihilism kuNietzsche iyisiphepho esesabekayo, kodwa futhi iyithuba: njengoba izindinganiso ezindala ziwa, isintu siphonselwa inselelo yokuba ngabadali, hhayi nje abazuzi befa.
