Izimiso Zobulungiswa ZikaJohn Rawls
I-Pendahuluan
UJohn Rawls wayengomunye wezazi zefilosofi zezombusazwe ezinethonya elikhulu zekhulu lama-20. Imibono yakhe ngezimiso zobulungiswa iphefumulele ingxoxo enkulu kanye nempikiswano phakathi kwezazi, abameli, kanye nezombusazwe. Umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko, othi “A Theory of Justice” (1971), uchaza imibono yakhe ngendlela umphakathi onobulungiswa okufanele uhlelwe ngayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizochaza izimiso eziyisisekelo zikaRawls zobulungiswa, umongo wefilosofi ezathuthukiswa kuwo, nokuthi zingasetshenziswa kanjani ezweni lanamuhla.
Isizinda Sefilosofi
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezimiso zikaRawls zobulungiswa, kubalulekile ukuqonda umongo wefilosofi lapho zavela khona. URawls wabhala ngaphakathi kwesiko lefilosofi elikhululekile, eligcizelela ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo. Waphefumulelwa futhi yisivumelwano sezenhlalo, umbono owachazwa izazi zefilosofi zangaphambili ezifana noThomas Hobbes , uJohn Locke, noJean-Jacques Rousseau.
URawls wayefuna ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yobulungiswa eyayamukeleka kuwo wonke amalungu omphakathi, kungakhathaliseki isizinda sabo noma izinkolelo zabo siqu. Ukuze afeze lo mgomo, uRawls wethula imiqondo "yesikhundla sokuqala" kanye "nesihenqo sokungazi."
Isikhundla Sasekuqaleni kanye Nesihenqo Sokungazi
Isikhundla sokuqala siyisimo esicatshangelwayo lapho abantu behlangana khona ukuze banqume izimiso zobulungiswa ezizobusa umphakathi wabo. Esimweni sokuqala, bonke abantu bangemuva kwesihenqo sokungazi, okusho ukuthi abanalo ulwazi mayelana nesimo sabo senhlalo, ingcebo, amakhono, noma izici zabo zomuntu siqu. Ngakho-ke, abazi ukuthi bazoba abacebile noma abampofu, abanamandla noma ababuthakathaka, abahlakaniphile noma abangenamalungelo emphakathini abawudalayo.
Inhloso yesihenqo sokungazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izimiso zobulungiswa eziba khona azithonywa yizintshisekelo zobugovu. Ngenxa yokuthi abantu abazi isikhundla sabo emphakathini, bazokhetha izimiso ezifanele wonke umuntu.
Izimiso Ezimbili Zobulungiswa
Ngokusekelwe esimweni sokuqala kanye nesihenqo sokungazi, uRawls wasungula izimiso ezimbili zobulungiswa ezakha isisekelo senkolelo-mbono yakhe :
1. Isimiso Senkululeko: Wonke umuntu unelungelo elilinganayo ohlelweni olubanzi lwenkululeko eyisisekelo oluhambisana nenkululeko efanayo kwabanye. Lesi simiso sigcizelela ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yokuhamba, kanye nenkululeko yenkolo. Lezi nkululeko kumele zivikelwe wonke umuntu, futhi ukunciphisa inkululeko yomuntu oyedwa kungathethelelwa kuphela uma kunikeza abanye inkululeko enkulu.
2. Isimiso Somehluko Nokulingana Kwamathuba: Ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho kufanele kuhlelwe ngendlela yokuthi:
– Kuhlelwe ukuhlinzeka ngenzuzo enkulu kumalungu omphakathi angenamathuba angcono (Umthetho Wokwehluka).
– Kunamathele ezikhundleni nasezikhundleni ezivulekele wonke umuntu ngaphansi kwezimo zokulingana kwamathuba (Ukulingana Kwamathuba).
Isimiso sokuqala (iSimiso Senkululeko) siza kuqala kunesimiso sesibili (iSimiso Somehluko Nokulingana Kwamathuba). Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkululeko eyisisekelo akufanele inikelwe ngenxa yenzuzo yezomnotho noma yezenhlalo.
Ukuqaliswa Kwesimiso Sobulungiswa
Ukusebenzisa izimiso zobulungiswa zikaRawls ekusebenzeni kungaba yinselele, kodwa zinikeza uhlaka oluwusizo lokuhlola izinqubomgomo zomphakathi kanye nezikhungo. Ezinye izindlela lezi zimiso ezingasetshenziswa ngazo zifaka:
1. Ukwabiwa Kabusha Kwengcebo: Ohulumeni bangasebenzisa intela eqhubekayo kanye nezinhlelo zomphakathi ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwezomnotho nokusiza abangenanhlanhla. Isibonelo, izinzuzo zokungasebenzi, izinhlelo zezempilo zomphakathi, kanye nemfundo yamahhala kungahlelwa ukuze kuhlinzekwe inzuzo enkulu kwabangenanhlanhla.
2. Amathuba Alinganayo: Izinqubomgomo zesenzo sokuqinisekisa kanye nezinhlelo zezifundo zingasetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke umuntu unokufinyelela okulinganayo emfundweni nasemsebenzini. Lokhu kungafaka phakathi izifundo zabafundi abavela ezizindeni ezihlwempu noma izinhlelo zokuqeqesha umsebenzi zabantu abangasebenzi.
3. Ukuvikelwa Kwenkululeko Eyisisekelo: Imithethosisekelo nemithetho kungaklanywa ukuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo, njengenkululeko yokukhuluma, inkululeko yenkolo, kanye nelungelo lokuvota. Ukuvikelwa okusemthethweni kwalezi nkululeko kumele kuqinisekiswe futhi kuqiniswe njalo.
Ukugxekwa Kwemfundiso KaRawls
Nakuba inkolelo-mbono kaRawls yobulungiswa ibe nethonya elikhulu, iphinde yabhekana nokugxekwa okuvela emibonweni eyahlukene. Ezinye zezigxeko ezivame kakhulu zifaka:
1. Ubunzima Obusebenzayo: Ukusebenzisa izimiso zobulungiswa zikaRawls ekusebenzeni kungaba nzima kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukunquma ukuthi ubulungiswa bokusabalalisa kabusha kufanele busetshenziswe kanjani noma ukuthi ukulingana kwamathuba kufanele kulinganiswe kanjani kungaba nzima.
2. Ithiyori Efanele: Abanye abagxeki bathi ithiyori kaRawls iyithiyori efanelekile engacabangi ngezimo zangempela, njengokuba khona kwenkohlakalo noma ukungakwazi kwezikhungo ukuphoqelela izinqubomgomo ezinobulungiswa.
3. Ukuphikisana Kwabantu Abalwela Inkululeko: Izazi zefilosofi zamalungelo oluntu ezifana noRobert Nozick ziphikisana ngokuthi izimiso zikaRawls zobulungiswa zephula amalungelo abantu okuba nempahla yabo nokulawula. UNozick ukholelwa ukuthi ukwabiwa kabusha kwengcebo nguhulumeni kuyindlela yokuphoqelela engenakulungiswa.
4. Umbono WobuKhomanisi: Abanye abagxeki bobuKhomanisi bathi ukugxila kukaRawls kubantu ngabanye kanye nezimiso ezingacacile akunaki ukubaluleka komphakathi, isiko, kanye nobudlelwano bomphakathi ekwakheni umqondo wobulungiswa.
I-Penutup
Izimiso zobulungiswa zikaJohn Rawls zinikeza indlela entsha neqondayo yokuqonda ukuthi umphakathi onobulungiswa kufanele uhlelwe kanjani. Nakuba ungakhululekile ekugxekweni, imibono yakhe isasebenza futhi inethonya ezingxoxweni zobulungiswa bezenhlalo kanye nenqubomgomo yomphakathi. Ngokucabangela izimiso zikaRawls kanye nezinselele ezibhekene nazo, singasebenzela umphakathi onobulungiswa nobulinganayo. Izimiso ezifana nesimiso senkululeko, isimiso somehluko, kanye nokulingana kwamathuba zinikeza isisekelo esiqinile sefilosofi sokubhekana nemibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokuthi kufanele siphile kanjani ndawonye ngokuvumelana nangobulungiswa.
