Inkolelo-mbono yeqiniso mayelana nokuhlobana kwezinto
Kufilosofi, umbuzo othi “liyini iqiniso?” ubulokhu uyisiqalo sezingxoxo eziningi ezinkulu. Abanye babheka iqiniso njengeliqinile futhi elivamile, kanti abanye balibona lincike ezimweni ezithile: isiko, ulimi, umbono, noma isikhathi. Yilapho inkolelo-mbono yeqiniso ehlobene neqiniso ingena khona. I-Relativism mayelana neqiniso ithi lokho “okuyiqiniso” akumi kodwa njengeqiniso eliphelele elifanayo kubo bonke abantu nazo zonke izimo, kodwa kuhlobene eduze nohlaka oluthile lokubhekisela.
Ukuqonda Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Kweqiniso
Ngokuvamile, i-relativism yeqiniso umbono wokuthi inani leqiniso lesitatimende lincike kumongo waso. Lo mongo ungaba isiko, izindinganiso zomphakathi, izinhlelo zezinkolelo, ulimi, noma ngisho nombono womuntu ngamunye. Ngamanye amazwi, isitatimende singabhekwa njengeqiniso kolunye uhlaka, kodwa singamanga—noma singasho lutho—kolunye.
I-Relativism ihlukile kokuthi "wonke umuntu unelungelo lokuba nombono wakhe." I-Relativism ikhuluma ngesimo seqiniso ngokwalo, hhayi nje ukungafani kokunambitheka. Isibonelo, isitatimende esifana nokuthi "Ukudla okubabayo kuyamnandi" siwela kakhulu endaweni yokukhetha. Kodwa isitatimende esifana nokuthi "Izindlela ezithile zokugqoka azinasizotha" singaba isibonelo sendlela iqiniso lezenhlalo noma lokuziphatha elivame ukuncika ngayo ezindinganisweni zamasiko endawo.
Izimpande Zokukholelwa Ezintweni Ezingafani
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo akuyona into entsha. Emlandweni wefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga, abantu abanjengoProtagoras (isazi sefilosofi sasendulo samaGreki) bavame ukuhlotshaniswa nemibono yokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngesitatimende sakhe esidumile: "Umuntu uyisilinganiso sazo zonke izinto." Lesi sitatimende sivame ukuhunyushwa njengesisho ukuthi lokho okubhekwa njengeqiniso noma okungokoqobo kuncike kumuntu njengesihloko sokuhlangenwe nakho nokwahlulela.
Ezintuthukweni zanamuhla, i-relativism iye yavela kakhulu ekufundweni kwe-anthropology, i-sociology yolwazi, kanye nefilosofi yolimi. Izazi ze-anthropology zithole ukuthi imiphakathi ehlukene inemibono ehlukene, izinhlelo zenani, kanye "namaqiniso" ezenhlalo. Lokhu kukhuthaza umbono wokuthi iqiniso, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokuziphatha kanye nezindinganiso, alinakuhlukaniswa nomongo wamasiko.
Izinhlobo Zokuhlobana Kweqiniso
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kweqiniso akuhlali kuthatha isimo esisodwa. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ezivame ukuxoxwa ngazo:
1. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwamasiko
Iqiniso—ikakhulukazi iqiniso lokuziphatha kanye nelomphakathi—libhekwa njengokweyame ngokwesiko. Lokho okubhekwa njengokuhle, okulungile, noma okufanele kwelinye isiko kungase kubhekwe njengokungalungile kwelinye. Isibonelo, indlela yokubingelela abazali, imikhuba emihle etafuleni, ngisho nemithetho yomshado ingahluka kakhulu.
2. Ukuhlobana komuntu ngamunye (ukuhlobana komuntu ngamunye)
Iqiniso libhekwa njengelincike kumuntu ngamunye. Lo mbono uvame ukuzwakala ngesimo sokuthi "kuyiqiniso kimi." Kodwa-ke, uma kusetshenziswa kabanzi, ukuhlobana komuntu ngamunye kungadala izinkinga: ungahlukanisa kanjani iqiniso nezinkolelo zomuntu siqu ezingamanga?
3. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo komqondo noma kolimi
Kuthonywe umqondo wokuthi ulimi lubumba indlela abantu abaqonda ngayo umhlaba. Uma izakhiwo zolimi kanye nemibono kuhluka, khona-ke "iqiniso" elingavezwa futhi liqondwe nalo lizohluka. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, izitatimende eziyiqiniso nezingemanga azihlukaniseki ohlelweni lomqondo olusetshenziswayo.
4. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwe-epistemic
Ukugcizelela ukuthi izindinganiso zokuqinisekisa ulwazi (okwakha ubufakazi obuqinile, izindlela ezisebenzayo, kanye negunya elithembekile) ziyahlukahluka emiphakathini yonke. Ngakho-ke, ngisho neqiniso lesayensi lingaqondwa ngaphakathi kokushintsha kwesimo, yize kungebona bonke izazi zefilosofi ezivumayo ukuthi isayensi ihlobene ngokuphelele.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Neqiniso Lokuziphatha
Enye yezindawo ezinamandla kakhulu zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ukuziphatha. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuziphatha kukholelwa ukuthi azikho izindinganiso zokuziphatha ezisebenza kuwo wonke umuntu. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuziphatha kwahlulelwa ukuthi kulungile noma kubi ngokusekelwe ezindinganisweni zomphakathi othile.
Inzuzo yale ndlela ukuthi ikhuthaza ukubekezelelana futhi inciphisa ukuthambekela kokwahlulela amanye amasiko ngezindinganiso zakho. Usikhumbuza ukuthi izindinganiso zokuziphatha zivame ukubunjwa umlando, izimo zomnotho, inkolo, kanye nezakhiwo zomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, ukugxeka kwakhe okuyinhloko ukuthi ukuhlobana kokuziphatha kungenza kube nzima ukulahla imikhuba elimaza abantu ngokusobala, njengobudlova obuhleliwe noma ukubandlulula. Uma konke kuhlobene, singasho kanjani ngokungangabazeki ukuthi isenzo "asilungile"?
Izimpikiswano Ezisekela Inkolelo Yokuthi Izinto Ziyavumelana
Abasekeli be-relativism bavame ukuveza izizathu eziningana:
- Ukuhlukahluka kwezinkolelo nemikhuba
Iqiniso lokuthi abantu banezinkolelo ezihlukene kakhulu livame ukuthathwa njengobufakazi bokuthi alikho iqiniso elilodwa. Uma amaqiniso ajwayelekile ecacile kangaka, kungani kunomehluko omkhulu kangaka?
- Ukunamathela kumongo
Izitatimende eziningi zinencazelo kuphela uma siqonda umongo wazo. Isibonelo, imithetho yokuziphatha iyahlukahluka kuye ngezindawo. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi "okulungile" kanye "nokungalungile" endaweni yomphakathi akunakuhlukaniswa nendawo ezungezile.
- Ukugxekwa kwezimangalo eziphelele
I-Relativism ivame ukusetshenziswa ukwenqaba ukubusa kweqembu elilodwa elithi liyiqiniso eliphelele bese liphoqelelwa kwabanye. Ngokomlando, ukusho ukuthi liyiqiniso eliphelele ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwahlotshaniswa nobukoloni, ukucindezelwa, noma ukushisekela ngokweqile.
Ukugxekwa Kokuhlobana Kwezinto
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo nakho kubhekene nezinselele ezinkulu. Ukugxekwa okudumile kakhulu kuphathelene nenkinga yokuziphikisa: uma ukuhlobana kwezimo kuthi "lonke iqiniso liyindaba ephathelene nomuntu," ingabe leso sitatimende ngokwaso sibhekwa njengesihlobene noma esiphathelene nomuntu wonke? Uma singabantu bonke, khona-ke kukhona okungenani iqiniso elilodwa elihlanganisa wonke umuntu elilulaza ukuhlobana kwezimo. Uma sihlobene, abanye bangasilahla ngaphandle kwenkinga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-relativism ingadala ubunzima ku:
- Ingxoxo nokuhlola phakathi kwamasiko ahlukahlukene
Uma kungekho zindinganiso ezihlanganyelwe, sixoxa kanjani ngezingxabano zenani? Sixazulula kanjani ukungezwani kokuziphatha noma kwezepolitiki?
- Isayensi namaqiniso angokoqobo
Kwezesayensi, amaqiniso amaningi avivinywa ngezindlela ezihambisanayo: ukubuka, ukuhlola, kanye nokuphindaphinda. Nakuba izincazelo zingase zihluke, abaningi baphikisana ngokuthi kunezici zeqiniso ezizimele ngokwesiko, njengemithetho eyisisekelo yefiziksi.
– Ingozi yokuthi “wonke umuntu uyafana”
I-Relativism ivame ukungaqondwa kahle njenge-nihilism: njengokungathi akukho mehluko phakathi kombono onesisekelo esihle nombono ongenamsebenzi. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nangaphakathi kohlaka lwe-relativism, sisengahlola ukuthi isimangalo siyahambisana yini nezindinganiso zomphakathi noma umongo lapho sisetshenziswa khona.
Ukuzivumelanisa Nezimo Empilweni Yanamuhla
Esikhathini sokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke kanye ne-inthanethi, ukuhlobana kweqiniso kuzwakala kubalulekile. Sibhekene nezindaba ezahlukahlukene mayelana nomlando, ezombusazwe, inkolo, kanye nobunikazi. Imithombo yezokuxhumana isheshisa ukuhlangana kwemibono, kodwa futhi idala "amakamelo okuxhumana" aqinisa inguqulo yomuntu yeqiniso.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kungasisiza ukuba sithobeke kakhudlwana: siqaphele ukuthi imibono yethu ibunjwa yindawo esikuyo. Kodwa futhi kudingeka kuhambisane nesimo sengqondo sokugxeka ukuze singaweli ogibeni lokucabanga ukuthi ubufakazi, idatha, kanye nokucabanga akubalulekile.
Isiphetho
Inkolelo-mbono yeqiniso ephathelene nokuhlobana igcizelela ukuthi iqiniso alilona eliphelele ngaso sonke isikhathi, kodwa ngokuvamile lixhomeke ohlakeni oluthile lwesiko, ulimi, indlela yokuphila, noma umbono. Lo mbono uwusizo ekuqondeni ukuhlukahluka kwabantu nokukhuthaza ukubekezelelana. Kodwa-ke, ukuhlobana kokuhlobana kubhekene nokugxekwa okukhulu, ikakhulukazi mayelana nesimo sako esiphikisanayo kanye nobunzima bokusungula amazinga ahlanganyelwe okwahlulela.
Ezweni elinobuningi, i-relativism ingaba ithuluzi lokuzindla: isimema ukuba sicabangele umongo ngaphambi kokwahlulela. Kodwa-ke, ukuze ihlale ikhiqiza, i-relativism idinga ukuhambisana nokuzibophezela engxoxweni enengqondo, ukwethembeka kwengqondo, kanye nokufuna indawo evumelanayo—okungenani ezindabeni eziphathelene nokuphepha, ubulungiswa, kanye nesithunzi somuntu.
Uma ufisa, ngingangeza izibonelo zamacala aqondile (isb. emthethweni, ekuziphatheni okuhle, noma emasikweni athandwayo) noma ngenze inguqulo yezemfundo yalesi sihloko enezinkomba eziphelele zezibalo kanye namagama efilosofi.
