I-Pragmatism kanye ne-Theory of Truth
I-Pragmatism ingenye yezikole zefilosofi ezinethonya kakhulu emasikweni esimanje okucabanga, ikakhulukazi e-United States. Ukugxila kwayo okuyinhloko akukhona ekufuneni iqiniso njengento "emsulwa" futhi ehlukanisiwe nokuphila, kodwa kunalokho kuyindlela imibono esebenza ngayo kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Ku-pragmatism, inani lomqondo livivinywa ngemiphumela yalo esebenzayo: ukuthi liyasisiza yini ukuqonda umhlaba, ukuxazulula izinkinga, nokwenza ngendlela ephumelela kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, lapho i-pragmatism ikhuluma ngeqiniso, ayibuzi nje kuphela ukuthi "Ingabe lokhu kuhambisana neqiniso?" kodwa futhi nokuthi "Kwenzekani uma sikukholelwa lokhu?" nokuthi "Kuzoba namuphi umthelela ezenzweni zethu?"
Isizinda sokusebenza kahle
I-Pragmatism yaqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Abantu abathathu ababalulekile abavame ukubizwa ngokuthi yizinsika zayo zokuqala nguCharles Sanders Peirce , uWilliam James, noJohn Dewey. Nakuba ngamunye wayenezigcizelelo ezihlukile, babehlanganiswe ngumqondo wokuthi incazelo neqiniso akuhlukaniseki kokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nokwenza.
UPeirce wethula "isisho esisebenzayo," indlela yokuchaza incazelo yomqondo ngokulandela imiphumela engokoqobo engase ivele uma umqondo uyiqiniso. Kamuva uJames wasakaza i-pragmatism futhi wathuthukisa inkolelo-mbono ewusizo yeqiniso kabanzi, kuyilapho uDewey eyixhumanisa nendlela yesayensi, imfundo, intando yeningi, kanye nenqubo yophenyo.
Ngokomlando, i-pragmatism yavela njengempendulo kwifilosofi eyayigxile kakhulu ezintweni ezingaphili noma egxile kakhulu ekuqageleni okungabonakali. Ama-pragmatist abona ukuthi isayensi ithuthuka ngoba iyasebenza: ikhiqiza izibikezelo, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nentuthuko yangempela. Ngakho-ke, ifilosofi kufanele ibeke ulwazi kanye nosizo endaweni ebalulekile.
Imibono yeqiniso: umbono jikelele
Ngaphambi kokungena embonweni weqiniso osebenzayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda imibono eminingana yeqiniso evame ukuqhathaniswa nayo.
1. Ithiyori yokuxhumana ithi isitatimende siyiqiniso uma sihambisana namaqiniso noma iqiniso. Isibonelo, "Kuyana" kuyiqiniso uma lina emhlabeni.
2. Ithiyori yokuhambisana ihlola iqiniso ngokusekelwe ekuvumelaneni kwangaphakathi kohlelo lokukholelwa. Isitatimende siyiqiniso uma sihambisana nohlelo lonke, hhayi uma sizimele sodwa.
3. Ithiyori yokuvumelana (kwezinye izinguqulo) ihlobanisa iqiniso nokuvumelana okunengqondo ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zokuxoxisana.
4. Ithiyori esebenzayo ixhumanisa iqiniso nemiphumela engokoqobo kanye nempumelelo yokukholelwa kokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nophenyo.
I-pragmatism ayikwenqabi ngempela ukuxhumana noma ukuvumelana, kodwa yenqaba ukwenza iqiniso libe yinto “eqediwe” ngokuphelele futhi ehlukene nenqubo yomuntu yokuqonda nokwenza.
Imfundiso yeqiniso esebenzayo
Ngaphakathi kwe-pragmatism, iqiniso livame ukuqondwa njengento ehlobene "nokuthi yini esebenzayo." Kodwa-ke, leli binzana livame ukungaqondwa kahle njengokungathi i-pragmatism ifanisa iqiniso "nokusiza" ngomqondo omncane noma onamathuba. Eqinisweni, "umsebenzi" lapha ubhekisela empumelelweni yenkolelo uma ivivinywa ekusebenzeni, ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuphindaphindiwe, nangophenyo oluvulekele ukulungiswa.
UCharles Sanders Peirce: iqiniso ngenxa yophenyo
KuPeirce, iqiniso liwumphumela ofanele wenqubo ende, ehlangene yophenyo. Iqiniso yilokho umphakathi wabaphenyi ozovumelana ngakho ekugcineni uma uphenyo lwenziwa njalo nangendlela efanele. Lapha, iqiniso aliyona nje imibono yeningi, kodwa umphumela wenqubo ehlelekile: ukubuka, ukuhlola imibono, ukulungisa amaphutha, nokuhlala uvulekele ubufakazi obusha.
Umqondo kaPeirce ugcizelela ubukhulu obuqondile: iqiniso akuyona nje indaba yokunambitha komuntu ngamunye, ngoba iqiniso "lizophoqa" uphenyo ukuthi lulungise izinkolelo eziyiphutha. Ngakho-ke, yize iqiniso liqondwa ngokwenqubo, lisenendlela yokubheka izwe elizimele ezifisweni zethu.
UWilliam James: iqiniso njengokuqinisekiswa kokuhlangenwe nakho
UWilliam James waveza umbono odumile wokuthi iqiniso “liyinto eba yiqiniso” kuze kube yilapho liqinisekiswa ngokuhlangenwe nakho. Inkolelo iyiqiniso uma ithembeka, iqondisa isenzo ngempumelelo, futhi inengqondo kuzo zonke izinto esizibonile ekuphileni kwethu.
UJames wanaka kakhulu impilo yansuku zonke, okuhlanganisa nezindaba ezingenakuvivinywa njalo elabhorethri. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi washiya izindinganiso zokucabanga. KuJames, izinkolelo zeqiniso zifakazela ukubaluleka kwazo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi: zisiholela ezibikezelweni ezinembile, zinciphise ukuphikisana kokuhlangenwe nakho, futhi zisisiza ukuba sizivumelanise neqiniso.
Isibonelo esilula: uma umuntu ekholelwa ukuthi “amanzi abilayo cishe ku-100°C ku-1 atm yokucindezela,” le nkolelo iyiqiniso ngoba ingavivinywa futhi ifakazelwe ngokuphindaphindiwe ekusebenzeni. Kodwa-ke, uJames uphinde akhulume ngendaba yezinkolelo zokuziphatha nezenkolo ezingenakuhlale ziqinisekiswa ngokuqinile; ukhuluma ngendlela izinkolelo ezithile “ezingasebenza” ngayo ukunikeza isiqondiso empilweni, yize lapha impikiswano mayelana nemingcele yokusebenza iba bukhali kakhulu.
UJohn Dewey: iqiniso “njengokuqinisekiswa okuqinisekisiwe”
UJohn Dewey wagwema igama elithi “iqiniso” ngomqondo wakudala, ekhetha umqondo wokuqinisekiswa okuqinisekisiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi isitatimende siyamukeleka uma sisekelwa inqubo enengqondo yophenyo—ubufakazi obanele, izindlela ezifanele, futhi esivulekele ukubuyekezwa.
UDewey wayebona ulwazi njengethuluzi lokuxazulula izinkinga zangempela. Uma sibhekene nesimo esiyinkinga (isib., izingxabano zomphakathi, ukugula, noma ubunzima bokufunda), siphakamisa imibono, siyivivinye, bese sikhetha ikhambi eliphumelela kakhulu. “Iqiniso” ngomqondo kaDeweyan aliveli ngaphandle kwale nqubo kodwa kunalokho liyingxenye yempumelelo yophenyo kanye nekhono lesixazululo lokuthuthukisa isimo.
Izici zeqiniso ngokwe-pragmatism
Kunezici eziningana ezibalulekile zenkolelo-mbono esebenzayo yeqiniso:
1. Okugxile emiphumeleni: incazelo kanye neqiniso kuhlolwa ngomthelela wezenzo.
2. Ukungathembeki: ulwazi lomuntu luhlala lunamaphutha futhi luhlala luvulekele ukulungiswa. Iqiniso alisho ukuthi “akunaphutha,” kodwa kunalokho “lisekelwa kakhulu okwamanje.”
3. Umongo: lokho okubhekwa njengokuyiqiniso kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nomongo wenkinga kanye nenhloso yophenyo.
4. Inqubo: iqiniso akuyona into engaguquki; lizalwa enkambisweni yophenyo, ukuqinisekiswa, kanye nokubuyekezwa.
5. Ezenhlalo kanye nezindlela zokusebenza: ikakhulukazi ePeirce naseDewey, iqiniso lihlobene nomphakathi wophenyo, hhayi nje umuzwa womuntu siqu.
Ukugxekwa kokusebenza okusebenzayo
I-pragmatism ivame ukugxekwa ngokushintshanisa iqiniso. Uma iqiniso “liyilokho okuwusizo,” ingabe inkulumo-ze ephumelelayo nayo iyiqiniso? Ama-pragmatist aphendula ngokuthi “iwusizo” akufanele iqondwe ngokujulile. Inhloso yayo yokusebenza kumele ihlolwe kabanzi: isikhathi eside, ivulekele ubufakazi, futhi icatshangelwe umthelela wayo empilweni yomphakathi. Inkulumo-ze ingase isebenze isikhathi esifushane, kodwa uma iwela lapho ihlolwa ngamaqiniso futhi idala umonakalo emphakathini, yehluleka indinganiso eqinile ye-pragmatist.
Okunye ukugxekwa kuphikisana ngokuthi i-pragmatism ididanisa iqiniso nokulungisiswa. Into ethile “ingafakazelwa ukuthi iyasebenza” ngesikhathi esisodwa, kodwa bese ifakazela ukuthi ayilungile. I-pragmatism iyakuqaphela lokhu: ulwazi luthuthuka ngokulungiswa. Kwabasebenza nge-pragmatism, inzuzo yale ndlela itholakala ekuvumelaneni kwayo nendlela isayensi esebenza ngayo ngempela—ngokusebenzisa imibono, izivivinyo, ukubuyekezwa, kanye nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo.
Ukubaluleka kokusebenza okusebenzayo namuhla
Ezweni lanamuhla eligcwele ulwazi oluningi, ulwazi olungelona iqiniso, kanye nemibono ehlukene, ukusebenza kahle kunikeza isimo sengqondo esinempilo: ukugxila ezindleleni, ebufakazini, kanye nemiphumela yangempela. Kusikhuthaza ukuba sizibuze: Yiziphi izenzo lezi zinkolelo ezisiholela kuzo? Ingabe ziyasithuthukisa noma ziyasenza sibe sibi kakhulu isimo? Lezi zinkolelo zimi kahle kangakanani lapho zibhekene nedatha entsha?
Kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi, isibonelo, ukusebenza kahle kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nenqubomgomo esekelwe ebufakazini. Kwezemfundo, kuhlotshaniswa kakhulu nokufunda okugcizelela ukuxazulula izinkinga nokuzindla, kunokuba kube ukukhumbula nje. Kwesayensi, kuhambisana nokuqonda ukuthi imibono yesayensi ibalulekile ngoba iyachaza futhi iyabikezela, kodwa ihlala ivulekele ukushintshwa imibono engcono.
I-Penutup
I-pragmatism kanye nenkolelo-mbono yeqiniso eyayithuthukisa isimema ukuba siqonde iqiniso njengento ephila ngokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nesenzo. UPeirce wagcizelela iqiniso njengomphumela ofanele wophenyo lomphakathi wesayensi, uJames wabona iqiniso njengalokho okuqinisekisiwe futhi “kusebenza” kokuhlangenwe nakho, kuyilapho uDewey elixhumanisa nokuba semthethweni kwesitatimende esisekelwe enkambisweni yophenyo enengqondo. Ngokugcizelela imiphumela engokoqobo, ukwehluleka, kanye nendlela yophenyo, i-pragmatism akuyona nje “iqiniso eliwusizo,” kodwa indlela yefilosofi ebeka iqiniso ngaphakathi kwamandla eqiniso elivivinywa njalo. Phakathi koshintsho lomphakathi kanye nentuthuko yesayensi, i-pragmatism isabalulekile njengendlela yokucabanga edinga ukwethembeka kwengqondo, ukuvuleleka ekulungisweni, kanye nokuzibophezela emthonjeni wangempela wezinkolelo zethu.
