UKant kanye nethiyori yobuhle obuhle
U-Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) wayengomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinethonya elikhulu emlandweni wemicabango yaseNtshonalanga. Waziwa kakhulu ngemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu ku-epistemology kanye nokuziphatha, kodwa iminikelo yakhe ekubukeni ubuhle—ikakhulukazi inkolelo yakhe yobuhle—ayibalulekile kangako. Ku-Critique of Judgment yakhe (1790), uKant wakha uhlaka lobuhle olwazama ukuhlanganisa umbuso wolwazi (ukugcina umthetho) kanye nombuso wokuziphatha (inkululeko). Kungaphakathi kwalolu hlaka lapho inkolelo kaKant yobuhle iqala khona : ubuhle abuyona nje impahla yezinto, noma nje indaba yokuthanda komuntu siqu, kodwa uhlobo oluhlukile lokwahlulela, olunezimangalo zomhlaba wonke kodwa oluzimele emiqondweni.
Ingemuva: Iphrojekthi Enkulu KaKant
Ukuze uqonde isikhundla sikaKant sobuhle, kubalulekile ukuhlola kafushane iphrojekthi yakhe yefilosofi. Ku-Critique of Pure Reason, uKant uxoxa ngendlela ulwazi lwesayensi olungenzeka ngayo; kuyilapho ku-Critique of Practical Reason, uhlola isisekelo esinengqondo sokuziphatha. Kodwa-ke, kukhona igebe: imvelo iqondwa njengendawo yezimbangela, kuyilapho ukuziphatha kudinga inkululeko. I-Critique of Judgement isebenza njengebhuloho elichaza indlela abantu abangabona ngayo ukuvumelana phakathi kwemvelo nenkululeko ngokusebenzisa ulwazi lobuhle kanye ne-teleology.
Ngakho-ke, ubuhle bukaKant abuyona nje inkolelo-mbono yobuciko, kodwa kunalokho buyingxenye ebalulekile yesistimu yefilosofi ebanzi: kusiza ukuchaza ukuthi abantu bangayibona kanjani indawo “efanele” ukuqondwa nokuhlala kuyo, ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuzimela komuntu kokuziphatha.
Ukuhlolwa Kobuhle Nokunambitha
UKant ubeka isahlulelo sobuhle ngaphakathi "kwamandla okwahlulela" (i-Urteilskraft). Isahlulelo sobuhle esivame kakhulu ukwahlulela ubuhle, isibonelo lapho othile ethi, "Le mbali iyinhle," noma "Lowo mdwebo muhle." Ngokusho kukaKant, izahlulelo zobuhle zihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zokwahlulela:
1. Ukwahlulela ngokwengqondo (ulwazi): ukwahlulela okuthile ngokusekelwe emiqondweni nasebufakazini; isibonelo, “amanzi abilayo ku-100°C.”
2. Ukwahlulela ngokuziphatha: ukwahlulela ngokusekelwe ezibophweni zokuziphatha kanye nemithetho; isibonelo, “ukuqamba amanga akulungile.”
3. Ukwahlulela ngobuhle: ukwahlulela ngokusekelwe emizweni yenjabulo noma yokungajabuli, kodwa ngezici ezikhethekile ezenza kungafani nezintandokazi zomuntu siqu ezivamile.
UKant wabiza ikhono lokwahlulela ukunambitheka kobuhle, kodwa wenqaba umbono wokuthi ukunambitheka kumane kuyindlela yokuzikhethela komuntu ("Ngiyakuthanda, awuyithandi"). Esikhundleni salokho, ukwahlulela kobuhle kunesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
“Izikhathi” Ezine Zokuhlola Ubuhle
UKant udume ngokuhlaziya kwakhe ukwahlulelwa kobuhle “ngezikhathi” ezine (ezihambisana nezigaba ngokomqondo): ikhwalithi, ubuningi, ubudlelwano, kanye nendlela yokwenza izinto. Lezi zikhathi ezine zichaza ukuthi kungani ukwahlulelwa “lokhu kuhle” kuzwakala sengathi kuncike komunye umuntu kodwa kudinga ukuvunyelwa abanye.
1) Ikhwalithi: Injabulo Engenasithakazelo
Isici sokuqala sobuhle ukuthi bujabulisa ngaphandle kokuzikhathalela. Uma sijabulela okuthile ngenxa yezinzuzo zako—isibonelo, ukudla ngoba kuyasigcwalisa—akusikho ukwahlulela kobuhle kuphela. Ngokufanayo, uma sithanda okuthile ngoba kunenani lokuziphatha noma isimo senhlalo.
Injabulo yobuhle, kuKant, iyinjabulo engenaso isifiso sokuba nayo noma ukuyisebenzisa. Siyabuthanda ubuhle bembali ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuyikha, ukuyithengisa, noma ukuyisebenzisa ngenye indlela. Lesi simo sengqondo "sokungabi nandaba" yisona esinikeza ukwahlulela kobuhle ubumsulwa obuthile futhi sibuhlukanise nokubuthanda nje.
2) Ubuningi: Isimangalo Esijwayelekile Esingenawo Umqondo
Nakuba ukwahlulela ubuhle kuvela kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu (“Ngizizwa ngijabule”), uKant uthi uma umuntu ethi “lokhu kuhle,” empeleni ufuna abanye bavumelane. Yilapho kuvela khona isici esijwayelekile: asisho ukuthi “Ngiyakuthanda lokhu,” kodwa “lokhu kuhle.”
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukahluka kuyinto exakile: akusekelwe emiqondweni noma emithethweni eqondile. Asikwazi ukufakazela ubuhle njengoba singafakazela ifomula yezibalo. Ubuhle "buyinto ehambisanayo": buyinto ehambisanayo ngokwezidingo zabo, buyinto ehambisanayo ngokwesisekelo sabo sokuhlangenwe nakho.
3) Ubudlelwano: Inhloso ngaphandle kweNjongo
Ngokusho kukaKant, uBeauty ubonakala enenjongo noma ukuhleleka—izingxenye zakhe zizwakala zifanelekile, zivumelana, “zilungile”—kodwa zingenanjongo ethile ewusizo. Yilokhu akubiza ngokuthi ukuba nenjongo ngaphandle kwenjongo, noma “ukuba nenjongo ngaphandle kwenhloso.”
Isibonelo, uma sibheka umsebenzi wobuciko noma indawo yemvelo, sinomuzwa wokuthi lezi zakhiwo zibonakala zihlelwe ukuze zijabulise izingqondo zethu, yize singenakukhomba injongo ewusizo njengokuthi “leli thuluzi lisebenze” noma “ukufeza umsebenzi othile webhayoloji.” Ubuhle bunikeza umbono wokuhleleka okunobungane engqondweni, kodwa okungasibambeli emsebenzini othile.
4) Indlela Yokusebenza: Isidingo Esiyisibonelo
“Umzuzu” wesine uchaza ukuthi kungani ukwahlulela ngobuhle kuzwakala sengathi kubopha kancane. UKant uthe uma sahlulela into enhle, sinomuzwa wokuthi “kufanele” ivunyelwe abanye—hhayi ngoba siphoqwa yingqondo noma umthetho, kodwa ngenxa yohlobo oluthile lwesidingo esiyisibonelo. Sicabanga ukuthi kukhona i-sensus commis: umuzwa wokwahlulela ohlanganyelwe emphakathini wesintu.
I-Sensus communis ayisho ukuthi wonke umuntu uyavumelana ngaso sonke isikhathi; kunalokho, umqondo wokuthi abantu, njengezidalwa ezinengqondo ezinezakhiwo zokuqonda ezifanayo, bangabelana ngolwazi lobuhle futhi baxoxe ngazo.
Ukudlala Kwamahhala Kokucabanga Nokuqonda
Ingqikithi yengqondo (noma ngokunembile, yesakhiwo) yokuhlangenwe nakho kukaKant ngobuhle ukudlala ngokukhululekile phakathi kwamakhono amabili: ukucabanga nokuqonda. Kokuhlangenwe nakho kwengqondo, ukucabanga "kusebenza" ukuqonda: idatha yezinzwa ihlelwe ukuze ivumelane nemibono. Kokuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle, ukucabanga nokuqonda kuyavumelana ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa yinoma yimuphi umqondo othize. Umphumela uba umuzwa oyingqayizivele wenjabulo—injabulo yengqondo ezwa iphila, inyakaza, futhi ithola ukuvumelana.
Ngamanye amazwi, ubuhle abugcini nje ngezinto zangaphandle, kodwa futhi bumayelana nendlela ingqondo yomuntu esebenza ngayo uma ibhekene nesimo.
Ubuhle Bemvelo Nobuhle Bobuciko
UKant wahlukanisa phakathi kobuhle bemvelo nobuhle bobuciko. Ubuhle bemvelo buvame ukubhekwa “njengobumsulwa” ngoba abuhileli inhloso yomuntu; bubonakala njengesipho esivela ngqo emvelweni. Kodwa-ke, uKant wanikeza nokubaluleka ubuciko, ikakhulukazi uma bukhiqizwa ubuhlakani.
Ubuhlakani Nobuciko
KuKant, ubuhlakani buyithalente lemvelo elikhiqiza imisebenzi yobuciko yokuqala, imithetho yayo engenakufundiswa ngezindlela zokupheka. Ubuhlakani budala "imithetho" ngomsebenzi wakhe, kunokulandela eyake yaba khona. Kodwa-ke, uKant uphinde wagcizelela ukuthi ubuciko akufanele bube ukuqhuma okungenasimo kobuntu; ubuciko busadinga ikhono nokuzithiba, ukuze umcabango uqhubeke "udlala" ngokuxhumana nokuqonda kwezilaleli.
Umqondo kaKant wobungcweti wawunethonya elikhulu kwezothando kanye nokuqonda kwanamuhla komdwebi njengomuntu oyingqayizivele wokudala.
Okumangalisayo: Ngale Kobuhle
Ngaphezu kobuhle, uKant uxoxa ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-sublime. Ngenkathi ubuhle buphathelene nokuvumelana kwezinhlobo kanye nokudlala kokudlala ngokukhululekile, i-sublime iphathelene nokuhlangenwe nakho kobukhulu noma okumangalisayo okungaphezu kwamandla okucabanga—isibonelo, ukubona isibhakabhaka esigcwele izinkanyezi esingenamkhawulo, intaba enkulu, isiphepho esikhulu, noma ulwandle olukhulu.
Esimweni esimangalisayo, singase sizizwe sithukile noma sesaba, kodwa futhi sizwa ngokuzindla ukuthi ukucabanga komuntu nenkululeko yakhe iphakeme: imvelo ingaba nkulu kakhulu, kodwa ngaphakathi kwabantu kukhona ikhono lokuziphatha nelinengqondo elingathobeli ngokuphelele imvelo. Lapha futhi inhloso yesimiso sikaKant iyabonakala: ubuhle buyasiza ukuxhumanisa ulwazi lwemvelo nesithunzi senkululeko yomuntu.
Ukubaluleka Kwemfundiso KaKant Yobuhle Namuhla
Umbono kaKant wobuhle usabalulekile ezingxoxweni zanamuhla zobuhle, ikakhulukazi ngoba unikeza indlela yokuqonda ukuthi kungani kuvame ukuvela izingxoxo mayelana nobuciko. Sibona ukwahlulela kobuhle hhayi nje indaba "yokuthanda komuntu siqu," kodwa futhi njengokunzima ukukufakazela ngobuqotho. UKant unikeza ulimi lwalokhu kungezwani: ukwahlulela kobuhle kungokwengqondo yomuntu siqu, kodwa kuphethe izimangalo zomhlaba wonke ezizalwa yisakhiwo somqondo womuntu kanye nomqondo we-sensus communis.
Esikhathini sezinkundla zokuxhumana, lapho imibono yobuhle ivame ukuncishiswa ibe "okuthandwayo" kanye "nokungathandwa," uKant usikhumbuza ukuthi isipiliyoni sobuhle esivuthiwe sidinga ukungabi nandaba, ukuvuleleka, kanye nekhono lokuxoxisana. Lokhu akusho ukuthi wonke umuntu kumele avumelane, kodwa kunalokho singalwela ukuqonda imibono yabanye, silungise izahlulelo zethu, futhi sihlukanise phakathi kwezinto esizithandayo, izindinganiso zokuziphatha, kanye nobuhle njengesipiliyoni esibonakalisayo.
I-Penutup
UKant wakha inkolelo-mbono yobuhle bobuhle njengesahlulelo esiyingqayizivele sokuzindla: esekelwe enjabulweni ngaphandle kokuzikhathalela, ukwenza izimangalo ezibanzi ngaphandle kwemibono, ukubonisa injongo ngaphandle kwemigomo, nokuletha isidingo sezibonelo ngokusebenzisa i-sensus communis. Okuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle kuvela ekudlaleni ngokukhululeka komcabango nokuqonda, kuyilapho okuhlangenwe nakho kobuhle kwembula imingcele yomcabango kanye nokuphakama kokucabanga komuntu kanye nenkululeko.
Ngokusebenzisa ubuhle, uKant akaphenduli nje kuphela umbuzo othi "yini enhle," kodwa futhi ubonisa ukuthi ubuhle buyasiza kanjani abantu ukuthola ukuvumelana phakathi komhlaba wemvelo nomhlaba wenkululeko. Ubuhle, kuKant, abuyona nje indlela yokuhlobisa impilo, kodwa yindlela eyodwa abantu abazizwa ngayo njengabantu abakwazi ukwabelana ngencazelo, ukuzwa ukuvumelana, nokuziholela enkululekweni.
