Imfundiso kaMarxist ye-Ideology
Ezingxoxweni zesayensi yezenhlalo kanye nefilosofi yezepolitiki, igama elithi ideology livame ukusetshenziswa ukuchaza indlela umphakathi oqonda ngayo umhlaba, ohlola okulungile nokungalungile, futhi uthethelele ukuhleleka komphakathi okukhona. Kodwa-ke, enkambisweni yamaMarxist, ideology ayiqondwa nje njengeqoqo lemibono engathathi hlangothi noma "umbono womhlaba" ozimele wodwa. Ideology iqondwa njengehlobene kakhulu nezakhiwo zezomnotho, ubudlelwano bokukhiqiza, kanye nomzabalazo wezigaba. Ngamanye amazwi, kubuMarxism, ideology iyingxenye yendlela yomphakathi esiza ukugcina—noma inselele—amandla esigaba esithile.
Izimpande Zomcabango: Isisekelo kanye Nesakhiwo Esiphezulu
Esinye sezinhlaka ezaziwa kakhulu ku-Marxism ubudlelwano phakathi kwesisekelo nesakhiwo esingaphezu kwemvelo. Isisekelo sibhekisela ezisekelweni ezibonakalayo zomphakathi: indlela yokukhiqiza, ubunikazi bezindlela zokukhiqiza, ubudlelwano phakathi kwezisebenzi nemali, kanye nokwahlukaniswa kwezisebenzi. Isakhiwo esingaphezulu sihlanganisa izikhungo zamasiko nemikhiqizo efana nomthetho, umbuso, inkolo, ukuziphatha, imfundo, abezindaba, kanye, nemibono.
Ngokusho kukaKarl Marx, isisekelo sezinto ezibonakalayo sinquma kakhulu isimo sesakhiwo esingaphezulu. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ubudlelwano bembangela buhlala bulula futhi buyindlela eyodwa, kodwa kunalokho kugcizelela ukuthi imibono ebusayo emphakathini ivame ukuhambisana nezintshisekelo zezepolitiki nezomnotho zesigaba esibusayo. Imibono, ngalomqondo, ivame ukubonakalisa nokuthethelela ubudlelwano obukhona bokukhiqiza.
Imibono kanye "Nokuqaphela Okungamanga"
UbuMarx buvame ukuhlotshaniswa nomqondo wokwazi okungamanga, isimo lapho izigaba ezicindezelwe zibheka khona iqiniso lezenhlalo ngelensi ezuzisa isigaba esibusayo. Lo mqondo uvela embonweni wokuthi umphakathi wobungxowankulu ukhiqiza umbono womhlaba ofihla ukuxhashazwa nokungalingani, okwenza ukungabi nabulungisa kubonakale "kujwayelekile," "kungokwemvelo," noma "ngendlela okufanele kube ngayo."
Isibonelo, umqondo wokuthi ubumpofu buwumphumela wobuvila bomuntu ngamunye, noma ukuthi ingcebo ihlala ingumphumela wokusebenza kanzima komuntu siqu, yizibonelo zezindaba zemibono ezingafihla amaqiniso esakhiwo: ukufinyelela okungalingani emfundweni, amaholo acindezelwe, ubudlelwano bezisebenzi obuxhaphazayo, kanye nefa lezinhlelo zokuxhumana nabantu ezingalingani. Ngokusola abantu ngabanye, izinhlelo zomphakathi ezibangela ukungalingani azibuzwa.
"Imibono Enamandla Iyimibono Yekilasi Enamandla"
Ku-The German Ideology, uMarx no-Engels bathi “imibono ebusayo yazo zonke izizukulwane iyimibono yesigaba esibusayo.” Lokhu kugomela kugcizelela ukuthi ukubusa kwesigaba kwenzeka hhayi kuphela ngokulawula umnotho kanye nezombusazwe, kodwa futhi nangokukhiqizwa kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemibono. Isigaba esilawula izindlela zokukhiqiza izinto ezibonakalayo sivame nokulawula izindlela zokukhiqiza ngokwengqondo: izikhungo zemfundo, ukushicilela, abezindaba, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zegunya lamasiko.
Ngakho-ke, imibono ebusayo ivame ukubonakala “njengokuqonda okuvamile.” Izibonakalisa emikhubeni yansuku zonke yokucabanga: lokho okubhekwa njengokujwayelekile emsebenzini, indlela umphakathi obheka ngayo impumelelo, indlela isijeziso nomthetho okuqondakala ngayo, kanye nendlela ubulili nobudlelwano bomndeni obubhekwa “njengemvelo.” Imibono isebenza kahle kakhulu uma ingabonakali njengemibono kodwa njengeqiniso uqobo.
Imibono Njengomthetho Nokuhlanganiswa
KuMarxism, omunye wemisebenzi ebalulekile yemibono ukufaneleka: ukuthethelela ukungalingani kanye nokubusa. Ku-capitalism, isibonelo, ubudlelwano bezisebenzi zamaholo buvame ukubhekwa njengezivumelwano zamahhala phakathi kwabantu ngabanye. Izisebenzi zibhekwa “njengabantu abakhetha” ukuthengisa umsebenzi wazo, kuyilapho abanikazi bezimali “benelungelo” lokuzuza ngokunikeza imali kanye nengozi. Lo mbono ungafihla iqiniso lokuthi abantu abaningi abanakho ukukhetha okunengqondo ngaphandle kokusebenzela amaholo, nokuthi inzuzo ivame ukuvela enanini elingaphezulu elikhiqizwa yizisebenzi kodwa elingakhokhelwa ngokugcwele njengeholo.
Ngale kokufaneleka, imibono yezenhlalo isebenza njengethuluzi lokuhlanganisa umphakathi—ukugcina ukuzinza emphakathini. Izindaba zobunye besizwe, ubukhosi, noma "wonke umuntu unethuba elilinganayo" zingathulisa ingxabano yezigaba ngokudlulisela ukunganeliseki ngezindlela ezingaphazamisi izakhiwo zobunikazi. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, imibono yezenhlalo ingaphula ubumbano lwesigaba sabasebenzi ngokugcizelela ngokweqile ezinye izici, njengobuzwe noma inkolo, ngaleyo ndlela kufiphaze izingxabano zezomnotho.
I-Althusser: I-Ideology kanye ne-Ideological State Apparatus
Umcabangi wekhulu lama-20 weMarxist uLouis Althusser wasungula ukuhlaziywa okuhlelekile kwemibono. Wahlukanisa phakathi kwemishini kahulumeni ecindezelayo (amaphoyisa, ezempi, izinkantolo), esebenza ngokuyinhloko ngobudlova noma usongo lobudlova, kanye nemishini kahulumeni ecabangayo (ama-ISA), njengezikole, imindeni, abezindaba, izinkolo, nezinhlangano zamasiko, ezisebenza ngokuyinhloko ngokwakhiwa kokuqonda.
Ngokombono ka-Althusser, izikole zingenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zemibono emphakathini wanamuhla ngoba zakha isiyalo, ukulalela, kanye nezindlela zokucabanga ezifanele izidingo zokukhiqiza kobungxowankulu: ukwazisa ukuncintisana, ukwamukela isikhundla, kanye nokuzahlulela ngokusekelwe empumelelweni yomuntu ngamunye. I-ideology, ku-Althusser, akuyona nje "amanga" asakazwa yizicukuthwane, kodwa into eyenzeka ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo ngemikhuba yansuku zonke, amasiko, kanye nezikhungo.
I-Gramsci: Ukubusa kanye "Nokuqonda Okujwayelekile"
U-Antonio Gramsci waphakamisa umqondo wokubusa ukuze achaze ukuthi kungani isigaba esibusayo singagcina amandla hhayi ngokuphoqelela kuphela kodwa nangokuvuma. Ukubusa kuyisimo lapho izindinganiso zesigaba esibusayo zamukelwa kabanzi njengezindinganiso ezijwayelekile zomphakathi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yomzabalazo emkhakheni wamasiko: abezindaba, imfundo, inkolo, izinhlangano zomphakathi, kanye nolimi lwezepolitiki.
UGramsci uphinde wagcizelela ukuthi imibono ebusayo ayihlali ihambisana noma icocekile. Ngokuvamile ibonakala njengengxubevange yemvelo yezinkolelo, amasiko, ukuziphatha, kanye "nokuqonda okuvamile" kwansuku zonke. Ngakho-ke, umzabalazo wezepolitiki awukona nje kuphela ukuthatha umbuso, kodwa futhi nokwakha umbuso ophikisanayo: ukukhiqiza imibono nemikhuba ehlukile engakhuthaza izigaba ezingaphansi kwesigaba ukuze ziqonde isikhundla sazo futhi zenze ngokubambisana.
Imibono kanye Nempahla: Ubufethi ku-Capitalism
Umnikelo obalulekile kaMarx kuDas Kapital kwaba ukuhlaziya kwakhe ubufebe bezimpahla. Emakethe yobungxiwankulu, ubudlelwano bezenhlalo phakathi kwabantu (isibonelo, phakathi kwabasebenzi nabangxiwankulu) bubonakala sengathi buwubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto (amanani, izimpahla, imali). Inani lomsebenzi eliqukethwe ezimpahleni lifihliwe, futhi impahla ibonakala ine "inani" elingokwemvelo.
Lapha, imibono isebenza ngezindlela zomnotho zansuku zonke: amaholo, amanani, inzuzo, kanye nokushintshana. Abantu babheka ukuthengiselana njengokushintshisana okulinganayo, kodwa ukukhiqizwa ngemuva kwazo kuhilela ukungalingani kwamandla. Ubugqili bezimpahla bubonisa ukuthi imibono ayikho ezingeni leziqubulo noma inkulumo-ze, kodwa igxile endleleni umnotho wobungxowankulu osebenza ngayo futhi uqondwa ngayo.
Ingabe Imibono Ihlala Ingalungile?
KuMarxism yakudala, imibono yayivame ukunikezwa incazelo engemihle ngoba yayihlotshaniswa nokufihla iqiniso kanye nokwenza ukubusa kube semthethweni. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kobuMarxism kukhombisile ukuthi imibono ingaba yinsimu yomzabalazo. Imibono ingasetshenziswa ukwakha ukuqonda kwekilasi, ukudalula ukuxhashazwa, kanye nokwakha amaphrojekthi okukhululwa. Kulesi simo, imibono ayiyona nje inkohliso, kodwa futhi iwuhlaka lobumbano kanye nokuqondiswa kwezepolitiki.
Noma kunjalo, ubuMarx bugcizelela ukubaluleka kokugxekwa kwemibono: ukuthola ukuthi imibono ethile ivela kanjani ezimweni ezibonakalayo kanye nezintshisekelo zekilasi, nokuthi isebenza kanjani ezikhungweni zenhlalo kanye nemikhuba.
I-Penutup
Imfundiso kaMarxist yemibono inikeza indlela yokufunda umphakathi ebeka imibono maqondana nokukhiqizwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye namandla ekilasi. Imibono akuyona nje imibono, kodwa ithuluzi lezenhlalo elingagunyaza ukubusa, liqinise ukuhleleka, futhi lakhe "umqondo ojwayelekile" ohlangene. Ngemibono yesakhiwo esiyisisekelo, ukuqonda okungamanga, ubufebe bezimpahla, ithuluzi likahulumeni elinombono, kanye nobukhosi, ubuMarxist buqokomisa ukuthi imizabalazo yezepolitiki ihlala iyimizabalazo ngesikhathi esisodwa ngencazelo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda imibono ngokombono kaMarxist kusho ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuguqula umphakathi, akwanele ukugxeka izinqubomgomo noma abantu ngabanye; kuyadingeka futhi ukudiliza nokuphonsela inselelo izakhiwo nezinto ezilandisa ezenza zibonakale zingokwemvelo futhi zingenakugwenywa.
