Ukugxekwa Kobuqambi Ngabantu Abacabanga Ngokwengqondo
I-Empiricism kanye ne-rationalism kuyizikole ezimbili zefilosofi ezithatha izikhundla eziyinhloko enkulumweni ye-epistemology—ukutadisha imvelaphi, imvelo, kanye nemiphumela yolwazi. I-Empiricism igomela ngokuthi ulwazi luvela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa, kuyilapho i-rationalism igcizelela indima yesizathu kanye nokucabanga okuqondile. Lezi zindlela ezimbili zivame ukubhekwa njengezingqubuzanayo. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ukugxekwa kwe-rationalism kwe-empiricism, sihlolisise izimpikiswano eziyinhloko futhi sicabangele imiphumela yefilosofi yale mpikiswano.
Izisekelo Zobuqambi Nokucabanga
I-Empiricism, eyasungulwa ngabantu abanjengoJohn Locke , uGeorge Berkeley, noDavid Hume, ithi lonke ulwazi lomuntu luvela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa. Isibonelo, uLocke wathi ingqondo yomuntu ekuqaleni "iyi-tabula rasa," noma i-blank slate, bese igcwaliswa ngokuhlangenwe nakho. Kwabasebenza nge-empiricism, yonke imiqondo nolwazi kumele kulandelelwe emuva kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-rationalism, ekhuthazwa izazi zefilosofi ezifana noRené Descartes , uGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, noBaruch Spinoza, ithi ulwazi oluthile lungatholakala ngokucabanga kuphela, ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa. Isibonelo, uDescartes wayekholelwa ukuthi ikhono lokucabanga, eliyisici se-cogito ("Ngicabanga, ngakho-ke nginguye"), liyisisekelo salo lonke ulwazi. Ama-Rationalist abheka ukucabanga njengethuluzi eliyinhloko elenza abantu bathole iqiniso.
Ukugxekwa Okunengqondo Kobuqambi
Ukugxekwa okunengqondo kwe-empiricism kusekelwe emaphuzu amaningana abalulekile, okuhlanganisa:
1. Ukungakwazi Ukuchaza Ulwazi Lwezibalo Nolunengqondo:
Esinye sezigxeko eziyinhloko eziphakanyiswe yizazi zokucabanga ukuthi ubuciko abukwazi ukuchaza ulwazi lwezibalo nolwengqondo. Izibalo kanye ne-logic Inezakhiwo ezibanzi nezidingekayo, kodwa ayixhomekile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa. Okubili kanye nokubili kuzohlala kulingana no-4, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu ngamunye unolwazi olunjani. Abantu abacabanga ngendlela enengqondo bathi lolu hlobo lolwazi lungachazwa kuphela ngesizathu, hhayi ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa.
2. Izinkinga Zokuthembeka Kwezinzwa Nokufaneleka:
Abantu abacabanga ngendlela enengqondo baphinde bagxeka ukuthembeka nokuba yiqiniso kwezinzwa njengomthombo wolwazi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa kuvame ukukhohlisa, njengasezingqondweni noma emaphusheni. Ngakho-ke, baphikisana ngokuthi ulwazi olutholakala kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa aluthembekile kangako kunolwazi olutholakala ngokucabanga. UDescartes, encwadini yakhe ethi 'Ukuzindla Kokuqala,' waphikisana ngokuthi konke okutholakala ngezinzwa kungangatshazwa, kuyilapho amaqiniso atholakala ngokucabanga okusekelwe ebufakazini ephephile kakhulu.
3. Imiqondo Engacacile kanye Neye-Metaphysical:
Ama-Empiricists, ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa, alwela ukuchaza imiqondo engabonakali kanye neye-metaphysical efana ne-essence, i-substance, kanye noNkulunkulu. Ulwazi lwalezi zidalwa alunakutholakala ngqo ezinzwa zethu. Ama-Rationalist athi le miqondo idinga uhlobo lokutholwa kwengqondo oludlula ukubuka kwezinzwa kuphela.
4. Isimiso Sokucabanga Okwanele (Isimiso Sokucabanga Okwanele):
ULeibniz, omunye wabaqondisi bemibono abaphambili, wabeka phambili iSimiso Sokucabanga Okwanele, esithi konke kumele kube nesizathu esanele sokuchaza ubukhona kanye nohlobo lwakho. Ngalesi simiso, abaqondisi bemibono bagxeke ubuciko ngoba lokho okutholakala ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa ngokuvamile akunikezi incazelo ephelele yembangela nomphumela, kanye nokuntuleka kwencazelo yezimo eziyisisekelo zeqiniso.
5. Inkinga Yemibono Ejwayelekile kanye Nezinto Ezijwayelekile:
I-Empiricism iphakamisa ukuthi yonke imibono ivela kokuhlangenwe nakho, kodwa indlela esiqonda noma esihlela ngayo okuhlangenwe nakho ibalulekile. okusalungiswa Imibono yendawo yonke efana “nokuhlakanipha” noma “ubulungiswa” iyinselele ngokwayo. Abaningi abacabangayo bagcizelela ukuthi ukucabanga, okungaqondiswa okuhlangenwe nakho, kungafinyelela le mibono ngoba bakholelwa ukuthi kukhona ubuhlakani obuthile obusiza abantu ukuhlela okuhlangenwe nakho kube ulwazi oluhambisanayo nolunenjongo.
Imiphumela yalokhu kugxekwa
Uma ukugxekwa okungenhla kulandelwa, kuzosiholela embonweni wokuthi kunemikhawulo emikhulu endleleni yolwazi esetshenziswayo. Abantu abacabanga ngendlela enengqondo basikisela ukuthi ukuze sithole ulwazi olujulile noluphelele, akumelwe sithembele kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa kuphela, kodwa futhi nasekucabangeni okusekelwe ebufakazini.
Lezi ziphumo azigcini nje ngokuba yiqiniso kodwa futhi ziyasebenza. Kwesayensi, isibonelo, izindlela zokuhlola ziyisisekelo esiyinhloko. Kodwa-ke, ekuthuthukiseni imibono yesayensi, ukucabanga okuqondile kuvame ukudingeka ukuze kuchazwe idatha etholakale ngokubuka. U-Einstein, embonweni wakhe wokuhlobana, wasebenzisa ukucabanga okubanzi okuqondile okwaqinisekiswa kamuva ngokubuka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimisweni zokuziphatha kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha, eminye imiqondo engaqondakali engenakucaciswa noma iqinisekiswe ngokugcwele ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa idinga ucwaningo olujulile olunengqondo. Isibonelo, ubulungiswa bezenhlalo, amalungelo abantu , njalo njalo, ngokuvamile abanaso isisekelo esicacile sobufakazi, kodwa kunalokho kuwumphumela wokuzindla okunengqondo okusekelwe ezimisweni zokuziphatha ezisungulwe ngokucabanga okujulile.
Isiphetho
Ukugxekwa kwe-rationalist kwe-empiricism kuthinta izici eziningana ezibalulekile zendlela abantu abaqonda ngayo umhlaba. Ngenkathi i-empiricism inikeza isisekelo esiqinile solwazi olusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa, i-rationalism inikeza umbono okhomba indima ebalulekile yesizathu ekuhleleni nasekunikezeni incazelo kulokho okuhlangenwe nakho. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zindlela ezimbili, ezaziwa ngokuthi i-mixed epistemology, kuvame ukubhekwa njengesisekelo esiphakathi esisebenza kahle kakhulu ekufuneni ulwazi lweqiniso nolujulile.
Ngokuqhubeka nokuhlola lokhu kugxekwa nokucabangela amandla nobuthakathaka bendlela ngayinye, singakuqonda kangcono ubunzima bolwazi lwabantu nokuthi singaqhubeka kanjani nokuthuthukisa ukuqonda kwethu umhlaba.
