Ithonya LikaRené Descartes Kwifilosofi Yanamuhla
URené Descartes (1596–1650) ungomunye wabantu abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wefilosofi. Eyaziwa njengoBaba Wefilosofi Yanamuhla, uDescartes waqala uguquko ekucabangeni olwashintsha ngokuyisisekelo inkambo yefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga. Ngomsebenzi wakhe, uDescartes akathonyanga ifilosofi kuphela kodwa nesayensi nezibalo. Imicabango kaDescartes isibe yisisekelo esingenakuguqulwa esiqhuba intuthuko yobuhlakani enkathini yanamuhla. Ngezansi, sizohlola ukuthi imibono nomsebenzi kaDescartes ube nomthelela omkhulu kanjani emhlabeni wefilosofi yanamuhla.
1. Isingeniso Somcabango KaDescartes
Ukuze siqonde ithonya likaDescartes kwifilosofi yanamuhla, kumele sihlole imiqondo eminingana ebalulekile yomcabango wakhe. UDescartes waziwa ngokungabaza kwakhe, indlela yakhe yokungabaza, kanye nokuthanda kwakhe izinto ezimbili phakathi kwengqondo nomzimba. Wayephinde abe yiphayona ekuqondeni izinto ngendlela efanele, okwagcizelela ukuthi ulwazi olufanele lungatholakala ngokucabanga nangokucabanga, hhayi nje ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa.
2. Indlela Yokungabaza kanye “neCogito, ergo sum”
Enye indlela uDescartes ashiya ngayo uphawu olungenakucimeka kwifilosofi kwakuwukusebenzisa indlela yakhe yokungabaza. Ekufuneni kwakhe iqiniso elithile, uDescartes wanquma ukungabaza konke okungangatshazwa, ecabanga ukuthi into eqinisekile kuphela okufanele ikholwe.
Le nqubo yamholela esiphethweni sakhe esidumile, “Cogito, ergo sum,” noma “Ngicabanga, ngakho-ke nginguye.” Lokhu kubhekwa njengesiqalo semicabango yanamuhla ngoba kugomela ukuthi ukuba khona komuntu njengesihloko sokucabanga kuyiqiniso lokuqala, eliphelele, ngaphandle kokungabaza. Kwakuyile ndlela yokungabaza eyavumela uDescartes ukuba azihlukanise nezazi zefilosofi zasendulo futhi angenise inkathi entsha yefilosofi.
3. Ukucabanga kukaDescartes
UDescartes wayengomunye wabasunguli be-rationalism, umbono wokuthi ukucabanga kuwumthombo oyinhloko kanye nokuhlolwa okuhle kakhulu kolwazi. Ngokuphambene ne-empiricism, egcizelela okuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa, i-rationalism kaDescartes igomela ngokuthi ingqondo yomuntu inekhono elingaphakathi lokuthola ulwazi ngaphandle kokungenelela okuqondile kokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinzwa.
Umsebenzi wakhe odumile, othi “Meditationes de prima philosophia,” noma “Meditations on First Philosophy,” wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda kwengqondo kanye nokuqonda. Wethula umqondo “wemibono engokwemvelo” ekhona engqondweni yomuntu kusukela ekuzalweni futhi wagcizelela ukuthi ulwazi lwezibalo nolwengqondo luyizibonelo eziphelele zamaqiniso atholakala ngokucabanga okunengqondo.
4. Ukuhlangana Kwengqondo Nomzimba Okubili
Umqondo kaRené Descartes wengqondo nomzimba nawo ube ngomunye wezisekelo ezinkulu zefilosofi yanamuhla. Ngokombono kaDescartes, kukhona umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwengqondo (res cogitans) kanye nendaba noma umzimba (res extensa). Ingqondo iyinto yokucabanga futhi ayikho endaweni ebonakalayo, kanti umzimba uyinto ebonakalayo elalela imithetho yefiziksi.
Ubu-dualism bukaDescartes baholela engxoxweni ejulile mayelana nendlela ingqondo nomzimba osebenzisana ngayo. Nakuba abaningi begxeke lo mqondo, umqondo wobu-dualism uvulele indlela yentuthuko kwifilosofi yokwazi, isayensi yezengqondo kanye nesayensi yezinzwa. Akungabazeki ukuthi iminikelo yakhe ithonye indlela esiqonda ngayo isihloko somuntu kanye nobudlelwano baso nomhlaba wezinto ezibonakalayo.
5. Ithonya kwiSayensi nezibalo
Ithonya likaDescartes alizange lilinganiselwe kwifilosofi; iminikelo yakhe yayizwakala kakhulu nakwezesayensi nezibalo. UDescartes wethula uhlelo lwe-Cartesian coordinate, olwaluhlanganisa i-geometry ne-algebra; lokhu kwakuyisinyathelo esiyisisekelo ekuthuthukisweni kwe-calculus kanye nezibalo zesimanje.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uDescartes wadlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwendlela yesayensi. Wasikisela ukuthi ucwaningo lwesayensi kufanele lusekelwe ekubukeni okuhlelekile nasekuhlolweni futhi kufanele lube nobuchwepheshe bemishini. Le ndlela yasiza ekwakheni isisekelo sendlela yesayensi yesimanje, kamuva eyathandwa ngabantu abanjengo-Isaac Newton.
6. Ukugxekwa Nokuhlolwa Kabusha
Nakuba uDescartes ehlonishwa njengomuntu oholayo emikhakheni eminingi, ukucabanga kwakhe kuye kwaba nokugxekwa. Ezinye izazi zefilosofi, ikakhulukazi izazi zomlando ezifana noJohn Locke noDavid Hume, zenqaba umbono kaDescartes ngemibono engokwemvelo futhi zagcizelela ukuthi lonke ulwazi luvela kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Esikhathini samanje, ukucabanga kukaDescartes okunezinhlangothi ezimbili nakho kuhlolwe kabusha ngaphakathi komongo wefilosofi yengqondo. Isayensi yanamuhla, kanye nentuthuko yayo ekuqondeni ubuchopho, iphakamise imibuzo mayelana nokuba semthethweni kokuhlukaniswa kwengqondo nomzimba. Noma kunjalo, ilebula elithi "UBaba Wefilosofi Yanamuhla" elibizwa ngokuthi uDescartes libonisa ngokungenakuphikwa ithonya elikhulu elihlala libalulekile futhi lixoxwa ngalo kuze kube namuhla.
7. Ifa likaDescartes
Ifa likaRené Descartes kwifilosofi yanamuhla likhulu futhi lijulile. Imibono yakhe ngendlela yokungabaza, i-dualism yengqondo nomzimba, kanye ne-rationalism iye yaba yisisekelo emagatsheni amaningi efilosofi nesayensi. Umsebenzi wakhe waphefumulela ingxoxo kanye nokucabanga okubucayi okuhlukanisa ifilosofi yanamuhla.
UDescartes akagcinanga nje ngokushintsha indlela esicabanga ngayo ngolwazi kanye nokuba khona, kodwa futhi unikeze ithempulethi yendlela eqhubeka nokuphefumulela abacwaningi nezazi zefilosofi ukuba bafune iqiniso ngendlela eqinile nehlelekile. Naphezu kwakho konke ukugxekwa nokubuyekezwa kokucabanga kwakhe, uRené Descartes usalokhu eyinsika engenakuphindwa emlandweni wobuhlakani bomhlaba.
Isiphetho
URené Descartes ungumuntu obalulekile emlandweni wefilosofi owaba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwefilosofi yanamuhla. Ngendlela yakhe yokungabaza, i-dualism yengqondo nomzimba, kanye nesimo sakhe sokucabanga, uDescartes wavula izindlela ezintsha zokucabanga kwengqondo okuqhubeka nokukhuthaza nanamuhla. Ifa lakhe alizange lithinte ifilosofi yanamuhla kuphela kodwa nesayensi nezibalo, libonisa ukujula nobubanzi bomsebenzi wakhe. UDescartes, nazo zonke izinkinga zakhe kanye neminikelo yakhe, uzoqhubeka nokuba yisihloko sokutadisha nokuzindla ekufuneni ukuqonda ingqikithi yesintu kanye nomhlaba esihlala kuwo.
