Ukugxekwa kukaNietzsche kokuziphatha
UFriedrich Nietzsche ungomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinethonya kakhulu neziphikisanayo emlandweni wemicabango yanamuhla. Uyaziwa ngokugxeka kwakhe okuqinile izisekelo zokuziphatha kwaseNtshonalanga—ikakhulukazi ukuziphatha kobuKristu kanye nefa lefilosofi yokuziphatha egcizelela umsebenzi, ukulingana, nokuzithiba njengezimfanelo eziphakeme kakhulu. KuNietzsche, ukuziphatha okuvelele eYurophu yanamuhla akuthathi hlangothi noma “kwemvelo,” kodwa kunalokho kuwumphumela womlando wezingxabano, ubudlelwano bamandla, kanye nokuchazwa kwabantu ngempilo. Ngemisebenzi efana ne-Beyond Good and Evil, On the Genealogy of Morality, kanye ne-Thus Spoke Zarathustra, uNietzsche ufuna ukuxazulula imvelaphi yokuziphatha futhi ubuza: ingabe ukuziphatha esikwamukele kuthuthukisa ngempela impilo, noma kuyayichitha?
Ukuziphatha Okuhle Njengomkhiqizo Womlando Nokulwela Izindinganiso
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu kaNietzsche kwakuyindlela yakhe "yozalo" yokuqonda ukuziphatha. Wenqaba umbono wokuthi izindinganiso zokuziphatha zivela ekucabangeni okumsulwa noma ekwambulweni kwaphezulu okungaguquki. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuziphatha kwakhiwa ngenqubo yomlando: amaqembu abantu adala izindinganiso zokuqinisekisa indlela yawo yokuphila, ukuvikela isikhundla sawo, noma ukumelana nokubuswa abanye. Ngakho-ke, kuNietzsche, ukuziphatha "okuhle" kanye "nokubi" akuzona izigaba zokugcina, kodwa kunalokho amalebula ashintsha ngokuya ngezintshisekelo zomphakathi kanye nezimo.
UNietzsche waphikisana ngokuthi ukuziphatha kwanamuhla kwaseNtshonalanga sekuphenduke ukubusa ngoba kuye kwaziveza ngempumelelo njengendinganiso eyodwa kuphela yendawo yonke. Kodwa-ke, ukuziphatha kuyindlela eyodwa kuphela yokuthi abantu "kufanele" baphile kanjani. Ngokuhlola umlando wayo, uNietzsche uhlose ukukhombisa ukuthi ukuziphatha akuvikelekile ekugxekweni. Izindinganiso zokuziphatha zingalinganiswa ngomthelela wazo empilweni: ukuthi zikhuthaza amandla, ubuhlakani, nesibindi; noma ukuthi zikhuthaza umuzwa wecala, ukwesaba, kanye nokuzizonda.
Izimiso Zokuziphatha Eziyinhloko kanye Nezimiso Zokuziphatha Ezigqila
Umqondo odumile kaNietzsche umehluko phakathi "kokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu" kanye "nokuziphatha okuhle kakhulu." Lokhu akuyona nje indaba yesigaba somphakathi esingokoqobo, kodwa kunalokho kuyindlela ehlukile yokwahlulela.
1. Izindinganiso zakho zokuziphatha zizalwa uhlobo lomuntu oluqinile, oluqinisekisayo, noluzethembayo. Babiza "okuhle" okubonisa amandla: isibindi, ukuphana okuzihloniphayo, ukuqhosha, amandla, kanye nekhono lokudala inani. "Okubi" kubo akusona isono, kodwa kunalokho kuyinto ebuthakathaka, yobugwala, noma engenamandla.
2. Ukuziphatha kahle kwezigqila kuvela emaqenjini abhekene nokucindezelwa noma ubuthakathaka, angakwazi ukuveza amandla awo ngqo. Akha uhlelo lokubaluleka njengendlela yokumelana. Ekuziphatheni kahle kwezigqila, "okuhle" kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezici eziphephile kwababuthakathaka: ukuthobeka, ukulalela, ukubekezela, ukungabi nolaka, kanye "nesihawu." Okwamanje, "okubi" kuhlotshaniswa nabanamandla: ukuzibamba, ukubusa, isifiso sokuvelela, kanye nenkululeko.
KuNietzsche, ukuziphatha kwezigqila akuhlukile nje kuphela—kuyingozi uma kuba yinto ebusayo ngoba kuvame ukuguqula izindinganiso zokuphila: okunamandla kuyasolwa, okubuthakathaka kuyadunyiswa, ukuze isiko lilonke lilahlekelwe ugqozi lwalo lokukhula.
Ukuziphendulela: Ukuphindiselela Kuba Ubuhle
Enye yezindlela eziyinhloko ezidala ukuziphatha okuhle kwezigqila ukucasuka—umuzwa wokucasuka ongacacisiwe, ongacindezelwanga. Amaqembu abuthakathaka awakwazi ukulwa ngokuqondile, ngakho-ke athuthukisa isinxephezelo sengqondo: aziqinisekisa ukuthi ubuthakathaka bawo “buhle,” kuyilapho amandla esitha “emabi.”
UNietzsche wabona ukucasuka kusebenza ngendlela ecashile: inzondo yaguqulwa yaba ukuziphatha. Isibonelo, ukungakwazi ukuba namandla kwahunyushwa njengokukhetha "ukuthobeka"; ukwesaba ukuba nolaka kwakubizwa ngokuthi "uthando lokuthula"; ukungakwazi ukuziphindiselela kwakubhekwa "njengokuthethelela." Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, ukuziphatha kwakungaseyona indlela eya ekuthuthukisweni komlingiswa oqotho, kodwa kwakuyindlela engokomfanekiso yokuwina endaweni yokwahlulela. UNietzsche wagxeka lolu hlobo lokuziphatha, ethi luholela abantu ekuziphikeni, hhayi ekuqinisekiseni.
Ukugxekwa Kokuziphatha KobuKristu
UNietzsche waqamba igama elithi "uNkulunkulu ufile," elivame ukungaqondwa kahle njengokungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu nje. Iphuzu lakhe lalijulile kakhulu: igunya elingaphezu kwemvelo nelenkolo elaliyisisekelo sezindinganiso zokuziphatha lase liwile ezikhathini zanamuhla, kodwa abantu baqhubeka bephila ngokuziphatha okudala njengokungathi isisekelo salo sihlala siqinile. Ukuziphatha kobuKristu, ngokusho kukaNietzsche, kwagcizelela ukuzidela, ukuthobeka, nokuphila "ngale" (ukuphila kwangemva kokufa), okwenza ukuphila kwasemhlabeni kubonakale kungabalulekile noma kuyisono.
UNietzsche wabheka lokhu njengohlobo "lwe-nihilism": lapho impilo ilahlekelwa yinani layo langaphakathi ngoba inani layo eliphakeme kakhulu lidluliselwa kwelinye izwe. Uma umgomo wokugcina wesintu uwukusindiswa ngemva kokufa, khona-ke umzimba, izifiso, izifiso, ngisho nobuciko kubhekwa njengokusolisayo. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu bangahlukaniswa nezifiso zabo zokuphila. Ukuziphatha okunjalo, ngokusho kukaNietzsche, akugubhi ukuphila kodwa kunalokho kuyakuvimbezela.
“Intando Yamandla” kanye Nokuhlolwa Kabusha Kwezindinganiso
KuNietzsche, impilo iqhutshwa ngokuyisisekelo yintando yamandla—“intando yamandla.” Leli gama alisho isifiso esincane sokucindezela abanye, kodwa kunalokho isifiso sokuthuthuka, ukuziqinisa, ukunqoba izithiyo, nokudala uhlobo oluphakeme lokuphila. Kwezobuciko, isayensi, kanye nezenzo ezinkulu, abantu bandisa amakhono abo: ukuhlela umhlaba, ukuzihlakulela, kanye nokwakha ubukhona babo.
Kulokhu kuvela isimemo sikaNietzsche "sokuhlaziywa kabusha kwazo zonke izindinganiso." Umema isintu ukuba siphinde sihlole ifa lokuziphatha elivimbela intuthuko: ingabe lezi zindinganiso zisenza sibe namandla, sibe nokwethembeka kakhudlwana, futhi sibe nobuciko kakhudlwana? Uma kungenjalo, kudingeka zilahlwe noma ziguqulwe. UNietzsche akanikezi uhlelo olusha lokuziphatha olulungisiwe, kodwa kunalokho ufuna isibindi sokudala izindinganiso, hhayi nje ukuzamukela.
I-Übermensch kanye ne-Ethics of Affirmation
Ku-Thus Spoke Zarathustra, uNietzsche wethula umqondo we-Übermensch (evame ukuhunyushwa ngokuthi “superman” noma “umuntu odalwe kabusha”). Lokhu akulona uhlanga olungaphezu komuntu noma isidalwa esiphelele, kodwa kunalokho uphawu lwesintu olukwazi ukudlula ukuziphatha okusabelayo. I-Übermensch inesibindi sokuthi “yebo” ekuphileni, okuhlanganisa ukuhlupheka nokungaqiniseki, ngoba ibona impilo njengenqubo yokuziphendukela.
Izimiso zokuziphatha zikaNietzsche ziqinisekisa: wenqaba ukuziphatha okugxile emuzweni wecala nesono. Uncoma isibindi sokubhekana nemiphumela yenkululeko. Uphinde agxeke ukuthambekela kokwenza izinto zibe ziningi, ngoba kuNietzsche, impilo ithuthuka ngomehluko, ukungezwani, kanye nokudalwa kwezinhlobo ezintsha.
Ukubaluleka Kokugxekwa KukaNietzsche Namuhla
Ukugxeka kukaNietzsche kusabalulekile ngoba kuphonsela inselelo imibono yokuziphatha evame ukuthathwa: ukuthi "okuhle" ngaso sonke isikhathi kusho ubumnene, ukulalela, nokungafisi; noma ukuthi izifiso ezinamandla ziyingozi ngempela. Enkathini yanamuhla, ukuziphatha ngokuvamile kuthatha isimo sezindinganiso zomphakathi ezilawula indlela abantu abakhuluma ngayo, abacabanga ngayo, ngisho nokuzizwa ngayo. UNietzsche uxwayisa ngokuthi ukuziphatha kungaba ithuluzi lamandla elifihliwe njengobuhle. Umbuzo uwukuthi: ubani ozuzayo ekuziphatheni? Ingabe kukhuthaza ukukhula komuntu noma empeleni kuyakuvimbela?
Nokho, ukugxeka kukaNietzsche nakho kunezingozi: uma kungaqondwa kahle, kungafundwa njengesizathu sokuzicabangela ngokweqile noma ukubusa ngonya. Nokho, uNietzsche akancomi ubudlova obungacabangi; lokho akuncomayo amandla njengekhono lokuzidala, ukuzihlela, nokubekezelela impilo ngokuvuthwa. Uyalahla ukuziphatha okuzelwe impindiselo, kodwa hhayi ngempela ukwenqaba ukukhathalela. Uyalahla "ububele" obubuthakathaka, hhayi ubumbano oluqinisayo.
I-Penutup
Ukugxekwa kukaNietzsche ngokuziphatha kuwumzamo wokuqeda izinkolelo ezijulile zesiko laseNtshonalanga: ukuthi ukuziphatha kuyindawo yonke, kungcwele, futhi kuhlala kusebenzela isintu. Esebenzisa ukuhlaziywa kozalo, uNietzsche ubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwakheka ngokungqubuzana kwenani, intukuthelo, kanye namasu amandla. Uhlasela ukuziphatha okuphika ukuphila futhi akuthathe indawo yokuziphatha kokuqinisekisa: isibindi sokudala inani, ukwamukela izinhlekelele zokuphila, nokuzithuthukisa. Ekugcineni, uNietzsche uphonsela inselelo wonke umfundi ukuba abuze umbuzo obalulekile: ingabe izindinganiso esizibheka “ezinhle” ziyenza impilo ibe sezingeni eliphezulu ngempela, noma zimane zisiduduza ebuthakathakeni bethu?
