Ukuqonda iSolipsism kwiFilosofi
I-Pendahuluan
I-Solipsism ingumbono wefilosofi okholelwa ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu noma umuntu uqobo lwakhe kuphela ongaziwa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi ukhona. Ngendlela yayo eqinile, i-solipsism ithi umhlaba wangaphandle kanye nezingqondo zabanye akuqinisekile, mhlawumbe ngisho nokungabikho. Lo mbono udale impikiswano enkulu kanye nempikiswano emasikweni efilosofi aseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga, njengoba uthinta izici eziyisisekelo zeqiniso kanye nokuba khona. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuxoxa ngokuthi iyini i-solipsism, ukuthi yathuthuka kanjani, izimpikiswano ezisekelayo neziphikisana nayo, kanye nomthelela wayo kwifilosofi yanamuhla.
Umlando kanye Nesizinda
Igama elithi Solipsism livela kwelesiLatini elithi "solus," elisho "uyedwa," kanye nelithi "ipse," elisho "uqobo." Leli gama kungenzeka ukuthi lisanda kwaziwa kakhulu enkulumweni yefilosofi yanamuhla, kodwa imibono efanayo ingatholakala ekucabangeni kwezazi zefilosofi zasendulo.
Umcabango Wasendulo
EGrisi Lasendulo , imibono efana kakhulu ne-solipsism ingatholakala emizamweni yezazi zefilosofi yokuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi komcabango neqiniso. Isibonelo, uPlato, emsebenzini wakhe othi "The Republic," wethula umqondo womhlaba ofanele ohlukile ezweni elibonakalayo esilaziyo. Kodwa-ke, umqondo othize we-solipsism njengombono oqinile noweqisayo awuzange uvele phakathi nalesi sikhathi.
Ifilosofi Yanamuhla
I-Solipsism njengemfundiso ehlelekile yaqala ngokuvela kwefilosofi yanamuhla, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwemisebenzi kaRené Descartes ngekhulu le-17. Ku-“Meditations on First Philosophy” yakhe, uDescartes wasebenzisa indlela yokungabaza okukhulu ukuze athole isiqiniseko. Wathola ukuthi iqiniso elingenakuphikwa ukuthi kukhona ukucabanga okuthi “Mina”—“Cogito, ergo sum” noma “Ngiyacabanga, ngakho-ke nginguye.” Nakuba uDescartes ngokwakhe engazange agcine e-solipsism, indlela yakhe yokungabaza yavula indlela yale ndlela.
Ubuqambi kanye ne-Idealism
Ekhulwini le-18 nele-19, izazi zefilosofi ezifana noGeorge Berkeley kanye no-Immanuel Kant, muva nje, bafaka isandla engxoxweni mayelana nokuzimela nge-solipsism ngemibono yabo mayelana nokuqonda kanye neqiniso. UBerkeley wathuthukisa umbono wokuthi ukuba khona kwezinto ezibonakalayo akuyona into engaphezu komphumela wokuqonda komuntu ngamunye. KuBerkeley, “esse est percipi”—“okubonwayo yilokho okukhona.” Nakuba kungacacile kangako kune-solipsism, lo mbono ubonisa indlela iqiniso langaphandle elingabuzwa ngayo kumongo wokuqonda komuntu ngamunye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uKant wasikisela ukuthi asinakwazi ukwazi i-"Ding an sich" (into ngokwayo); singaqonda kuphela izenzakalo ngokubonakala kwezigaba zethu zengqondo. Lo mbono wehlisa izimangalo eziphelele zokuzibamba, kodwa usabeka isihloko esiphakathi kokuhlangenwe nakho.
Izimpikiswano ku-Solipsism
Iziphakamiso Zobungcweti:
1. I-Skeptical Epistemology: Ezingeni le-epistemological, i-solipsism iqokomisa ukulinganiselwa kolwazi lwethu mayelana nokuba khona kwezinto zangaphandle nezinye izidalwa. Lonke ulwazi lwethu luvela endaweni engaphansi kwesimo sengqondo—izingqondo zethu. Ngakho-ke, kungokwemvelo ukungabaza ukuba khona kwanoma yini ngale kwalezi zidalwa ezingaphansi kwesimo sengqondo.
2. Amaphutha Okuqonda: Iqiniso lokuthi imibono yethu ingaba yiphutha (isb., ngokusebenzisa imibono ekhohlisayo noma imibono engekho) lisekela impikiswano yokuthi umuntu umane nje ungumuntu ohlala ecabanga ukuthi ...
Izimpikiswano Eziphikisayo:
1. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu: Enye yezimpikiswano eziyinhloko ngokumelene nokukhuluma nge-solipsism ubufakazi bokuba khona kwabanye abangaxhumana futhi babelane ngolwazi olufanayo. Isibonelo, engxoxweni enenjongo, kukhona ukuqaphela ukuthi abanye banemicabango nemizwa efana neyakho.
2. I-Pragmatics kanye Nokusetshenziswa: Emisebenzini yansuku zonke, i-solipsism ayinikezi indlela ewusizo yokuchaza ukuxhumana komphakathi kanye nezenzakalo zemvelo. Ukucabanga ukuthi abanye abantu kanye nomhlaba wangaphandle bangokoqobo kuye kwabonakala kuwusizo futhi kuyasebenza ekuqondeni nasekusebenzisaneni nomhlaba.
Umthelela kwiFilosofi Yanamuhla
Kwifilosofi yanamuhla, yize i-solipsism isalokhu iphikisana futhi ingamukeleki kakhulu, isenemiphumela ebalulekile.
Ifilosofi Yokuhlaziya Nolimi
I-Solipsism ivivinywa ezingxoxweni zanamuhla zolimi kanye nokumelwa. ULudwig Wittgenstein , isazi sefilosofi esidumile sekhulu lama-20, encwadini yakhe ethi “Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,” wahlola ukuthi ulimi lungayiveza kanjani imikhawulo yokuqonda kwesihloko. Emsebenzini wakhe wakamuva, othi “Philosophical Investigations,” wabonisa indlela ulimi olubonisa ngayo izici zokuxhumana zomphakathi, okubonakala sengathi kuyinselele i-solipsism emsulwa.
I-Phenomenology kanye ne-Existentialism
Imibono ye-phenomenology kanye ne-existentialism, eyamukelwa izazi zefilosofi ezifana no- Edmund Husserl , uMartin Heidegger, noJean-Paul Sartre, nayo inikeza impendulo enkingeni ye-solipsism. Bakhetha ukuphenya isakhiwo sokuhlangenwe nakho okuqaphelayo futhi bagcizelele ukuba khona "komunye" ebukhoneni bomuntu. USartre, emsebenzini wakhe othi "Being and Nothingness," uthi ukuba khona kwabanye kuyisici esingenakuhlukaniswa se-ecstasy yomuntu.
Ubuchwepheshe Nokuqwashisa
Ekhulwini lama-21, ngentuthuko yobuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nobuchwepheshe beqiniso elingokoqobo, imibuzo mayelana nokwazi kanye neqiniso iye yaba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. I-Solipsism inganikeza umbono wokuqonda ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukwazi okwenziwayo kungabaza iqiniso lakho langaphandle.
Isiphetho
Ngokubanzi, i-solipsism inikeza umqondo ojulile ekuqondeni ubudlelwano phakathi kwesihloko nomhlaba. Ngenkathi iningi lezazi zefilosofi lilahla izimangalo zalo eziqatha, umqondo we-solipsism usiphonsela inselelo yokuhlola njalo imikhawulo yolwazi lwethu nokuqonda kwethu. Ezweni lanamuhla elishintsha ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ngobuchwepheshe, ukuphakamisa kabusha imibuzo eyisisekelo mayelana nokuba khona kanye nokuqonda kuya ngokuya kufaneleka. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kanye nezidingo zokuphila kwansuku zonke kusadinga ukuthi sicabange ukuthi ukuba khona kwabanye kanye nomhlaba wangaphandle kungokoqobo.
