Ukuhlaziywa Kwezimo Kuka-Edmund Husserl
U-Edmund Husserl, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane owazalwa ngo-1859, waziwa kabanzi njengoyise we-phenomenology. I-phenomenology ngokwayo iyindlela yefilosofi efuna ukuqonda isakhiwo sokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu ngokombono womuntu obhekana nakho. I-phenomenology ihlose ukwembula umongo wokuhlangenwe nakho ngokususa zonke izinkolelo-mbono kanye nokubandlulula okungase kusithe ukuqonda kwethu iqiniso.
Isizinda Sezinto Ezibonakalayo
UHusserl waqala umsebenzi wakhe wezemfundo kwezezibalo ngaphambi kokuphendukela kwifilosofi, ephefumulelwe imisebenzi kaFranz Brentano noCarl Stumpf. UHusserl waqhutshwa yiphrojekthi yefilosofi yokuletha ifilosofi esisekelweni sesayensi, noma okungenani esicacile nesihlelekile, kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambilini. I-phenomenology kaHusserl yavela ekuhlaziyweni kwe-psychology—umbono owawulinganisa i-logic ne-psychology—ayewubheka njengoyingozi olwazini lwesayensi ngoba wawufiphaza umugqa phakathi kweqiniso elingokoqobo kanye nokuqonda okucatshangwayo.
Indlela KaHusserl Yezinto Ezibonakalayo
Isisekelo sendlela kaHusserl yokwenza izinto ngendlela ye-phenomenological yindlela eyaziwa ngokuthi “i-epoché” noma “ukunciphisa izinto ngendlela ye-phenomenological.” Le ndlela ihilela ukumisa (noma ukunciphisa) izahlulelo kanye nokuqagela okubikezela kusengaphambili okwazisa okuhlangenwe nakho. Kuwumzamo wokubona izinto ngokuqondile “njengoba zinjalo,” ngaphambi kokuzibeka amalebula, ukuzichaza, noma ukuzichaza, ngaphambi kokukhethwa.
Isinyathelo sokuqala ku-epoché “ukubeka izinkomba” zayo yonke imibono ekhona ngaphambilini mayelana nomhlaba. Lokhu kuhlose ukubeka izinkomba zethu ezibakweni, kuzivimbele ekuphazamiseni ukubuka okumsulwa. UHusserl waveza ukuthi ukuqonda kuhlala kunesiqondiso (“inhloso”), noma ukugxila kokuthile. Isenzo ngasinye sokuqaphela, esho, ukuqaphela okuthile—kungaba yinto ebonakalayo, umqondo, noma isimo somzwelo.
Okulandelayo kuza isigaba sokunciphisa, lapho sizama ukuthola khona umongo walesi simo esikhona. UHusserl wathi ngochungechunge lokuzindla okujulile nokubuka, singafinyelela emqondweni oyisisekelo mayelana nesakhiwo esibalulekile sokuhlangenwe nakho okumangalisayo.
Inhloso: Ukugxila Kokuqwashisa
Enye yeminikelo emikhulu kaHusserl ku-phenomenology umqondo "wokuhlosa." Ukuhlosa kusho ukuthi konke ukuqwasha kuqondiswe ngokwemvelo kokuthile—akukho into efana 'nokungazi lutho' noma ukungazi okungathathi hlangothi. Isibonelo, uma umuntu ecabanga ngomuthi, umcabango wakhe uhlala umayelana nomuthi, hhayi nje umuzwa noma umcabango ongenawo into.
Uchaza izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuzimisela: “i-noesis” kanye ne-“noema.” I-Noesis iyisici esizimele sokuhlangenwe nakho—isenzo sengqondo ngokwaso, njengokucabanga, ukuzwa, noma ukucabanga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Noema iyingqikithi yokuhlangenwe nakho—lokho okucatshangwayo noma okuzwakalayo, ubuso bento ekhona engqondweni yethu.
Uma sibona into, isibonelo umuthi, inqubo ye-noesis ihilela isenzo "sokubona," kuyilapho i-noema "iyisihlahla" ngokwaso njengokuqukethwe kwesenzo sokubona. Lezi zici ezimbili zisebenza ndawonye ukwakha ingqikithi yesipiliyoni esimangalisayo.
I-Phenomenology kaHusserl Engaphezu Kwesiphetho
Ekuthuthukeni okuqhubekayo, uHusserl wethula umqondo "we-ego edlula i-ego." Lobu buntu buyisici esiyisisekelo nesibanzi sokwazi—hhayi i-ego ethile ecabanga noma ezwayo okwamanje. I-ego edlula i-ego iyisisekelo sazo zonke izinto ezithinta umuntu. Ngokudalula i-ego edlula i-ego, uHusserl wafuna ukuhlonza izici zomhlaba wonke kanye nezici eziyisisekelo zokwazi uqobo.
Ukubaluleka kukaHusserl kwiFilosofi kanye nezinye iSayensi
UHusserl waba nomthelela omkhulu kwifilosofi yesimanje kanye neminye imikhakha eminingana, okuhlanganisa isayensi yezengqondo, isayensi yezenhlalo kanye nezifundo zamasiko.
Ngokwesibonelo, kwezengqondo, indlela yokwenza izinto ngendlela ye-phenomenological isetshenziswa ukuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho kwesiguli okuphilayo ngaphandle kokukuhlanekezela ngokusebenzisa izinhlaka zemfundiso yengqondo ezingase zingabalulekanga. UCarl Rogers, omunye wabasunguli be-humanistic therapy, wathola ugqozi ezimisweni ze-phenomenological ukuze abeke okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu enkabeni yenqubo yakhe yokwelapha.
Ku-sociology, i-phenomenology yathonya u-Alfred Schutz, okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni "kwe-phenomenology yezenhlalo." USchutz wagcizelela ukuthi izakhiwo zencazelo ezweni lezenhlalo zakhiwa ngokuhlangenwe nakho okuhlangene kanye nokuxoxisana kwansuku zonke.
Ukugxekwa Nokuphikisana
Naphezu kweminikelo kaHusserl enethonya, i-phenomenology yakhe ayiyona engenabagxeki bayo. Ezinye izazi zefilosofi, kuhlanganise nomfundi wakhe kanye nomgxeki uMartin Heidegger, zithi indlela kaHusserl, egxile kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kokuqwashisa, ifihla ukuqonda kwabantu ngokuzibandakanya kwabo nomhlaba wangempela. UHeidegger uphakamise ukuthi ukuba khona komuntu akunakuqondwa njengesihloko esicabanga ngezinto, kodwa kunalokho "njengoDasein" obekwe ngaphakathi emhlabeni ngendlela ephelele neyomongo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abanye abagxeki bathi izindlela zikaHusserl zokunciphisa izinto ngendlela exakile (isikhathi kanye nokunciphisa okungaphezu kwamandla) azinakwenzeka futhi kunzima kakhulu ukuzisebenzisa njalo ophenyweni lwansuku zonke lwezehlakalo.
Isiphetho
U-Edmund Husserl washiya ifa elijulile kwizazi zefilosofi, evula umnyango wezindlela ezintsha zokuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu. Nge-phenomenology, uHusserl usimema ukuba sibuyele “ezintweni ngokwazo”—ukuzibuka nokuzibona ngaphandle kwesihlungi sezinkolelo-mbono ezichemile. Ngokuphenya isakhiwo sokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu nokwembula ukuthi ukwazi kuxhumana kanjani nomhlaba waso, i-phenomenology kaHusserl inikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngesimo esiyisisekelo sokuphila komuntu.
Nakuba ukugxekwa kanye nempikiswano kuqhubeka kuhambisana nefa lakhe lefilosofi, iminikelo kaHusserl isabalulekile kwifilosofi yanamuhla futhi ithonye eminye imikhakha eminingi, ivula indlela yokuqonda okujulile kokuqonda, ukuqonda, kanye nomhlaba esiphila kuwo. Izenzakalo esizifundile kwifilosofi kaHusserl ziseyizihloko ezifanele zokuxoxisana ekuthuthukisweni kwendlela yesayensi kanye nezindlela ezintsha kwezesintu namuhla.
