Ukuhlaziywa kweFilosofi kaLudwig Wittgenstein
ULudwig Wittgenstein wayengomunye wezazi zefilosofi ezinethonya kakhulu zekhulu lama-20. Imisebenzi yakhe ayizange nje yakhe izisekelo zezilimi kanye nefilosofi yokuhlaziya, kodwa futhi yashintsha indlela esicabanga ngayo ngolimi, incazelo, kanye neqiniso. Lesi sihloko sizohlola umcabango kaWittgenstein, sigxile ezikhathini ezimbili eziyinhloko emsebenzini wakhe: isikhathi sokuqala, esivame ukuhlotshaniswa neTractatus Logico-Philosophicus yakhe, kanye nesikhathi sakamuva, esigxile ekuPhenyweni kwakhe kweFilosofi.
Isizinda kanye Nokuphila
ULudwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 26, 1889, eVienna, e-Austria. Umndeni wakhe wawucebile futhi ufundile, okwenza uWittgenstein athole imfundo enhle kakhulu. Wafunda ubunjiniyela bemishini ngaphambi kokudlulela kwifilosofi eCambridge ngaphansi kokuqondiswa nguBertrand Russell. URussell noFrege baba nethonya elikhulu kuWittgenstein, ikakhulukazi ekubumbeni ukucabanga kwakhe eminyakeni yakhe yokuqala.
UWittgenstein wabhala i-Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus ngesikhathi esebenza empini ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe I, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1921. Ngemva kwempi, wachitha isikhathi njengothisha e-Austria kanye nendlu yezindela ngaphambi kokubuyela eCambridge ukuyofundisa nokuqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe, okwagcina kuholele ekuphenyweni kwefilosofi, okwanyatheliswa ngemva kokufa ngo-1953.
Isikhathi Sasekuqaleni: Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
Indawo Eyinhloko
I-Trackatus ingumzamo kaWittgenstein wokubhekana nezinkinga ezahlukahlukene zefilosofi ngokuhlaziya ulimi ngendlela enengqondo. Kuyo, uphikisa ngokuthi umhlaba uqukethe amaqiniso, hhayi izinto. Amaqiniso yizimo noma izimo ezibonisa indlela izinto ezihlelwe ngayo. Lo mqondo waziwa ngokuthi "ithiyori yesithombe sencazelo."
Iziphakamiso kanye neLogic
Ngokusho kukaWittgenstein, isiphakamiso siwukubonakaliswa okunengqondo kweqiniso. Isakhiwo sesiphakamiso sibonisa isakhiwo somhlaba, lapho izakhi zolimi zihlobene nezinto. Ngakho-ke, ulimi lusebenza njengokubonakaliswa kweqiniso. Lo mbono ubonakala kakhulu esitatimendeni esidumile sikaWittgenstein ekugcineni kweTractatus: "Ongashiwo, kungashiwo ngokucacile; futhi lapho umuntu engakwazi ukukhuluma, kumelwe athule."
Ukubaluleka Nokugxekwa
Lesi sisekelo sithi izitatimende eziningi zefilosofi zendabuko azisho lutho ngoba azihambisani nesakhiwo esinengqondo somhlaba. UWittgenstein waphikisana ngokuthi izinkinga eziningi zefilosofi zivela ekungaqondini kahle ulimi. Ukugxekwa kweTractatus kwakuhlanganisa nombono wokuthi ifilosofi ngokwayo ibingeke yenzeke uma zonke izinkinga zefilosofi ziphathelene nokuqonda kolimi, futhi lokhu kwaholela uWittgenstein ekucabangeni okwengeziwe okwabangela ushintsho olukhulu ekucabangeni kwakhe.
Isikhathi Esizayo: Uphenyo Lwefilosofi
Ushintsho Lwepharadigm
Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile kushicilelwe i-Trackatus, uWittgenstein waqala ukungabaza eminye yemibono ebalulekile ayeyibeke phambili. Ku-Philosophical Investigations, washintsha kakhulu isimo sakhe, wasebenzisa indlela yolimi esebenziseka kalula neqondakalayo.
Imidlalo Yolimi (Imidlalo Yolimi)
Omunye wemibono ebalulekile yalo msebenzi "imidlalo yolimi." Leli gama libhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi ukusetshenziswa kolimi kuncike kakhulu kumongo futhi kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesimo, imigomo yokuxhumana, kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi. Ulimi alusabonwa njengochungechunge lweziphakamiso okumele zibonise iqiniso ngokunengqondo, kodwa njengethuluzi eliyingxenye yomsebenzi womuntu.
Imithetho Nokuphila
UWittgenstein wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuqonda imithetho yemidlalo yolimi nokuthi isetshenziswa kanjani. Uthe ulimi “luwuhlobo lokuphila,” okusho ukuthi incazelo yamagama nemisho inqunywa umongo wezenhlalo lapho asetshenziswa khona. Ukucaca kolimi akuseyona indaba yokucabanga, kodwa yindlela amagama asetshenziswa futhi aqondwa ngayo ezimweni ezahlukene.
Ucwaningo Lwefilosofi
Esinye isihloko esibalulekile ku-Philosophical Investigations ukuphikisa ukubaluleka kwezinto. UWittgenstein uhlasela imibono yendabuko mayelana nengqikithi yemibono yefilosofi, njengokuthi "incazelo," "ingqondo," noma "intando." Uphikisana ngokuthi kufanele sigweme ukufuna ingqikithi efihliwe yale mibono bese sibheka ukuthi isetshenziswa kanjani ngempela emisebenzini yansuku zonke.
Ukugxekwa kanye nethonya
Ukugxekwa kukaWittgenstein kamuva kuvame ukuveza umuzwa wokuthi ifilosofi yakhe ingase iholele ekuzivumelaniseni kolimi noma ekulahlekelweni kwendlela ejwayelekile yokuthola iqiniso. Kodwa-ke, ithonya le-Philosophical Investigations alinakuphikwa, ikakhulukazi kwezezilimi, i-anthropology, kanye nesayensi yezenhlalo. Ukuhlaziywa komongo kukaWittgenstein nakho kwanikeza isisekelo esiqinile sezinyathelo zefilosofi zokuhlaziya kanye nezangemva kokuhlaziya.
Iminikelo kanye Nefa
Imibono kaWittgenstein ibe nomthelela omkhulu, ithonya imikhakha engaphandle kwefilosofi, njengezifundo zolimi, i-anthropology, i-psychology, kanye nezifundo zamasiko. Indlela yakhe eningiliziwe neyomongo yokuhlaziya ulimi isize ekuvuleni ukuqonda okusha ngendlela esiqonda ngayo ukuxhumana, incazelo, kanye nokusebenzisana kwabantu.
Ukugxeka kukaWittgenstein ifilosofi yendabuko kanye nendlela yakhe yomqondo, eyayichaza kakhulu kunejwayelekile, nakho kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela zocwaningo lwefilosofi. Umsebenzi wakhe ufundisa isimo sengqondo esibucayi mayelana nokuqagela okuyisisekelo ekuqondeni imiqondo eyinhloko, okusiphonsela inselelo yokuphinda sicabange ngezisekelo ezivame ukuthathwa kalula.
Isiphetho
ULudwig Wittgenstein usalokhu engumuntu oyinhloko kwifilosofi yanamuhla, enezinkathi ezimbili zomsebenzi wakhe ezihlukile ngokwendlela yokubhala kodwa ezinethonya elifanayo. Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni okunengqondo ku-Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus kuya endleleni yolimi ehambisana nomongo ku-Philosophical Investigations, uWittgenstein unikeza ukuqonda okujulile ngolimi nencazelo. Ubuhlakani bakhe bokuhlaziya nesibindi sakhe sobuhlakani kumenza abe ngumuntu ozoqhubeka efundwa futhi ecatshangelwa, evula indlela yezikole ezintsha zemicabango nemibono kwifilosofi nakwezinye izifundo zansuku zonke.
