U-Immanuel Kant kanye neSiqondiso Esiyinhloko
U-Immanuel Kant, isazi sefilosofi saseJalimane sekhulu le-18, ubhekwa njengomunye wabacabangi abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga. Ithonya lakhe lalihlanganisa imikhakha efana ne-epistemology, ukuziphatha, kanye nobuhle. Kodwa-ke, omunye wemibono yakhe ekhunjulwa kakhulu futhi exoxwa ngayo kuze kube manje "into ebalulekile ngokwezigaba," eyisisekelo semibono yakhe ngokuziphatha.
Isizinda Sefilosofi KaKant
UKant wazalelwa eKönigsberg, e-East Prussia (manje eyiKaliningrad, eRussia) ngo-1724 futhi wachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwakhe lapho. Nakuba asebenza njengomfundisi wangasese isikhashana, kamuva waba uprofesa eNyuvesi yaseKönigsberg, lapho afundisa khona izifundo ezahlukahlukene, kusukela kwizibalo kuya kwifilosofi.
Omunye wemisebenzi kaKant edume kakhulu yi-"Critique of Pure Reason" (Kritik der reinen Vernunft), eyanyatheliswa ngo-1781. Lo msebenzi uzama ukuxazulula ingxabano phakathi kobuciko kanye nokucabanga. Kodwa-ke, umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko kwezesimilo yi-"Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals" (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten), eyanyatheliswa ngo-1785, lapho ethula khona umqondo we-categorical practical.
Isingeniso ku-Categorical Imperative
Igama elithi ukuphoqelela ngokwezigaba libhekisela esimisweni sokuziphatha esiyisisekelo uKant ayekholelwa ukuthi kufanele sibe yisisekelo sazo zonke izenzo zokuziphatha ezinengqondo. Ngokombono kaKant, ukuziphatha akuxhomekile ezimweni zomuntu ngamunye noma emphumeleni wesenzo, kodwa kunalokho kuncike ezimisweni ezijwayelekile ezingasetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke. Izimiso zokuphoqelela ngokwezigaba azizona izimiso ezihlobene noma ezizimele, kodwa yimiyalo ephelele okumele ilandelwe kungakhathaliseki imiphumela.
Ukwakhiwa Okubalulekile Kwesigaba
UKant wanikeza izindlela eziningana zokusebenzisa i-categorical practical, edume kakhulu kuzo yilezi:
1. Isimiso Sokuba Sendawo Yonke: “Yenza kuphela ngokwesimiso ongathanda ngaso ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthi sibe umthetho wendawo yonke.” Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngaphambi kokuthatha isinyathelo, umuntu kufanele acabangele ukuthi isimiso esingemuva kwesenzo singamukelwa yini njengomthetho osebenza kubo bonke abantu abasesimweni esifanayo.
2. Isimiso Senkululeko: “Yenza sengathi inhloso yezenzo zakho ngentando yakho ingaba umthetho wemvelo ojwayelekile.” Lokhu kuhlobene nesimiso sokuqala, kodwa kugcizelela isici sentando yomuntu ekudaleni umthetho wokuziphatha.
3. Isimiso Sokuthwaleka: “Zenze ngendlela yokuthi uphathe ubuntu, kokubili wena kanye nabanye, ngaso sonke isikhathi ngesikhathi esifanayo nesiphetho hhayi nje njengendlela.” Ngokombono kaKant, ubuntu kufanele buphathwe njengesiphetho sokugcina sazo zonke izenzo zokuziphatha, hhayi njengendlela yokufinyelela kwenye injongo.
4. Isimiso Sokuzimela: “Yenza sengathi izimiso zezenzo zakho kufanele zimise umthetho wokuziphatha ozimele wabo bonke abantu.” Lesi simiso sigcizelela ukuthi umthetho wokuziphatha kumele uvele ekucabangeni komuntu ozimele, hhayi emagunyeni angaphandle njengenkolo noma umbuso.
Ukuqaliswa Nokugxekwa
Ukusebenzisa umthetho obalulekile empilweni yansuku zonke akulula. Isibonelo, uma umuntu ecabanga ukuqamba amanga, kumele azibuze ukuthi ngabe isimiso esingemuva kokuqamba amanga (isib., ukuqamba amanga ukuze agweme isijeziso) singamukelwa yini njengomthetho wendawo yonke. Ukube lokhu bekwamukelwa njengomthetho wendawo yonke, bekungeke kube nokwethenjelwa ekukhulumisaneni kwabantu, okuzogcina kuholele emphakathini ongasebenzi kahle. Ngakho-ke, ngokusekelwe kumthetho obalulekile, ukuqamba amanga akunasizathu.
Kodwa-ke, umbono kaKant wokuziphatha awukho ngaphandle kwabagxeki bawo. Abanye abagxeki, njengoFriedrich Nietzsche , bathi ukuziphatha kukaKant kuqine kakhulu futhi akuvumeli izici zokuziphatha ezidingekayo ezimweni zangempela. UNietzsche uthi ubuKantian bugcina buholela ekucindezelweni kokuziphatha futhi buvimbela isibindi somuntu sokuziphatha sokwenza izahlulelo zokuziphatha ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Abanye, njengoJohn Stuart Mill kanye nabantu abasebenzisa izindlela zokwelapha, bagxeke uKant ngokunganaki ngokwanele imiphumela yezenzo. Ngokwezimiso zezindlela zokwelapha, izenzo zahlulelwa ngokuthi zilungile noma azilungile ngokusekelwe ebunzimeni bemiphumela yazo enhlalakahleni jikelele. Kule ncazelo, nakuba ukuqamba amanga kungalungile ngokombono kaKant, kungathethelelwa uma kuphumela enzuzweni enkulu.
Ukubaluleka Komthetho Obalulekile Ezikhathini Zanamuhla
Naphezu kokugxekwa okuningi, ukubaluleka kwesibopho esibalulekile kusabalulekile ezikhathini zanamuhla. Isimiso sobunye singabonakala kumongo wamalungelo abantu kanye nemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe, lapho imithetho ethile isetshenziswa khona emhlabeni wonke kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ungubani noma uhlobene kanjani namasiko. Isibonelo, iSimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu siyisibonelo sendlela izimiso zokuziphatha zomhlaba wonke ezingasetshenziswa ngayo emhlabeni wonke.
Ngokufanayo, isimiso sobuntu sibonakala ezinhlanganweni zomphakathi ezahlukahlukene zanamuhla. Izinhlangano ezifana ne-Black Lives Matter noma umkhankaso wokulingana ngokobulili zisekelwe esimemezelweni sokuthi bonke abantu kufanele baphathwe ngesithunzi nenhlonipho efanayo, okuwukubonakaliswa okuqondile kwesimiso esibalulekile esiphatha isintu njengesiphetho ngokwaso.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo wokuzimela komuntu ngamunye ngaphakathi komthetho wokuziphatha uyinsika ebalulekile lapho kwakhiwe khona izinhlelo eziningi zentando yeningi. Inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye yokwenza izinqumo zokuziphatha ngaphandle kokuphoqelelwa kwangaphandle, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ivela kuhulumeni noma kwezinye izinhlangano, isabalulekile ekugcineni umphakathi onobunye nobekezelelanayo.
Isiphetho
Umqondo ka -Immanuel Kant wesibopho esiphathelene nezigaba unikeza umbono ojulile noyinselele ngokuziphatha. Ngokwethula isibopho esingenamibandela nesibanzi, uKant wanikeza indlela entsha yokuqonda nokusebenzisa izimiso zokuziphatha. Naphezu kokugxekwa okuningi, izici zezimiso zokuziphatha zikaKant zisasebenza futhi ziyasebenza ezindabeni ezahlukahlukene zanamuhla. Njengokucabanga kokugcina, isibopho esiphathelene nezigaba sisikhuthaza ukuthi sicabangele imiphumela ebanzi yezenzo zethu futhi sikhuthaza ukudalwa komphakathi onokuziphatha okuhle nonobulungisa.
