Umqondo KaJohn Stuart Mill Wenkululeko Yezepolitiki
UJohn Stuart Mill (1806–1873) wayengomunye wabacabangi benkululeko abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wefilosofi yezombusazwe yanamuhla. Imibono yakhe mayelana nenkululeko ayizange nje ibumbe isiko lenkululeko yakudala kodwa futhi yabeka isisekelo esibalulekile sezingxoxo zanamuhla mayelana namalungelo abantu ngabanye, imingcele yamandla ombuso, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwenkululeko nentando yeningi. Emsebenzini wakhe odumile kakhulu, i-On Liberty (1859), uMill wakha umqondo wenkululeko yezombusazwe osekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye iyimfuneko eyisisekelo yentuthuko yokuziphatha, yengqondo, kanye neyomphakathi yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, inkululeko eyayishiwo uMill kwakungeyona inkululeko engenamkhawulo, kodwa kunalokho inkululeko elawulwa yizimiso ezithile ezivimbela ukulimala kwabanye.
Isizinda sokucabanga kukaMill
UMill waphila ngesikhathi lapho iNgilandi yayibhekene noshintsho olukhulu ngenxa yokukhula kwezimboni, ukuthuthuka kwamadolobha, kanye nokukhula kwentando yeningi yabamele. Lezi zinguquko zadala amathuba amasha okuhlanganyela kwezepolitiki, kodwa futhi zadala ingozi yokubuswa yiningi phezu kweningi labantu abancane. UMill wabona ukuthi izinsongo enkululekoni aziveli nje kuphela embusweni wobushiqela, kodwa futhi nasemibonweni yomphakathi kanye nemikhuba yomphakathi eyayicindezela abantu ukuba bavumelane. Ngakho-ke, kuMill, inkululeko yezepolitiki kumele iqondwe njengomzamo wokuvikela abantu kokubili "ekucindezelweni kombusi" kanye "nasekucindezelweni kweningi."
Kulesi simo, uMill wasungula impikiswano yokuthi umphakathi ophilile yilowo ovumela ukuhlukahluka, ukuzama indlela yokuphila, kanye nenkululeko yokucabanga. Inkululeko akuyona nje ilungelo lomuntu siqu, kodwa futhi iyindlela yomphakathi yokuthola iqiniso nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila ndawonye.
Isimiso Sokulimaza
Ingqikithi yomqondo kaMill wenkululeko yaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi isimiso sokulimaza. UMill wathi isizathu esisemthethweni kuphela sokuba umbuso noma umphakathi unciphise inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ukuvimbela ukulimala kwabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, umuntu akanakuphoqelelwa, alawulwe, noma ajeziswe ngenxa yenzuzo yakhe kuphela, ngenxa yokuziphatha komphakathi, noma ngezizathu zobuzali.
UMill wenqaba umqondo wokuthi umbuso ungaphoqa abantu ukuba baphile “ngokuziphatha okuhle” ngokwezindinganiso zeningi. Uma izenzo zomuntu zizithinta yena kuphela, ziyindaba yangasese. Kodwa uma lezo zenzo zibangela ukulimala kwangempela kwabanye—isibonelo, ubudlova, ukukhwabanisa, noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo—khona-ke ukungenelela kukahulumeni kuyafaneleka.
Lesi simiso sibalulekile ngoba sibeka imingcele ecacile emandleni ombuso nomphakathi. Umbuso akufanele ube "umzali" wezakhamuzi zawo, kuyilapho ukuziphatha komphakathi akufanele kube ithuluzi lokucindezelwa. Kodwa-ke, uMill uphinde wavuma ukuthi ukunquma ukuthi yini edala "ukulimaza" kuvame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi. Umphumela wezenzo zomuntu ngamunye ungaba ongaqondile, futhi ukuziphatha kuvame ukuhlangana nemibuzo yentshisekelo yomphakathi. Noma kunjalo, isimiso sokulimaza sihlala siyisilinganiso esinamandla sokuhlola ukuthi ukuvinjelwa kwenkululeko kusemthethweni noma kudlulele.
Inkululeko yokucabanga nokuveza imibono
KuMill, inkululeko yezepolitiki ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwenkululeko yokucabanga kanye nenkululeko yokuveza imibono. Waphikisana ngokuthi ukuthulisa imibono, ngisho neyamanga, kuyalimaza isintu. Kunezizathu eziningana zalokhu.
Okokuqala, umbono ocindezelwe ungase ube yiqiniso. Uma kunjalo, umphakathi ulahlekelwa ithuba lokulungisa amaphutha asenesikhathi eside ekhona. Okwesibili, noma ngabe umbono ungamanga, uhlala uwusizo ngoba uphoqa imibono efanelekile ukuthi ihlolwe, ivikelwe, futhi iqondwe ngokunengqondo, kunokuba nje yamukelwe njengemfundiso. Ngaphandle kwempikiswano, iqiniso liba yisiko nje elingenalutho.
Ngakho-ke, uMill uphikisana nokuvinjelwa kombuso kanye nezingcindezi zomphakathi ezikhuthaza ukuthula. Ngokombono wakhe, inkululeko yokuveza imibono iyinjini eyinhloko yentuthuko: umphakathi uthuthuka ngokugxeka, ingxoxo, kanye nokuphikisana kwemibono. Le nkululeko ayigcini nje ngokuvikela isikhulumi ngasinye kodwa futhi nokusebenzela izintshisekelo zomphakathi.
Inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye "nezilingo zokuphila"
UMill uphinde wagcizelela ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye yokuphila impilo ngendlela ayithandayo, inqobo nje uma ingabalimazi abanye. Wabiza le nkululeko ngokuthi indawo yokuhlola ekuphileni. Wonke umuntu unobuntu bakhe, amakhono akhe, kanye nemigomo yakhe; ngakho-ke, umphakathi akufanele ubeke imodeli eyodwa yokuphila kuwo wonke umuntu.
Lo mbono uhlobene nenkolelo kaMill yokuthi ukuhlukahluka kuyindlela yokuthuthuka. Lapho umphakathi uvumela abantu ukuthi bazame izindlela ezahlukene zokuphila, bangafunda ukuthi yiziphi ezingcono, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, nezinobuntu. Inkululeko akuyona nje "ilungelo lokuzikhethela," kodwa futhi inqubo yokuzakhela kanye nokufinyelela ukuzimela. Abantu abakhululekile bakhula babe ngabantu abavuthiwe, futhi abantu abavuthiwe bayisisekelo somphakathi wentando yeningi onempilo.
Inkululeko yezepolitiki kanye nentando yeningi: usongo lobudlova beningi
UMill wayesekela intando yeningi yabameleli, kodwa akazange azishaye indiva izingozi zayo. Intando yeningi ingaba umbuso ocindezelayo uma iningi lisebenzisa amandla alo ukucindezela abantu abancane noma abantu abaphikisanayo. Ngakho-ke, inkululeko yezepolitiki kumele ihlanganise ukuvikelwa kwabantu abancane, kungaba ngokwezepolitiki, ngokwenkolo, noma ngokwesiko.
UMill waphawula ukuthi ukucindezelwa akwenzeki njalo ngomthetho. Kuvame ukuzibonakalisa ezindinganisweni zomphakathi: ingcindezi yokuhambisana namasiko eningi, ukucwaswa kwemibono ehlukene, noma ukukhishwa kwezinye izindlela zokuphila. Yilokhu akubiza ngokuthi “ubushiqela bezenhlalo.” Ezimweni ezinjalo, umbuso ungase ungakuvimbeli ngokusemthethweni, kodwa umphakathi wenza inkululeko icishe ingenzeki.
Ngakho-ke, inkululeko yezepolitiki emasikweni kaMill idinga isiko lomphakathi elibekezelelanayo, inhlonipho yomehluko, kanye nezikhungo ezivimbela ukubusa kweqembu elilodwa phezu kwelinye. Intando yeningi kumele ihambisane nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo omphakathi, inkululeko yabezindaba, kanye nenkululeko yokuhlangana.
Indima yemfundo kanye nekhwalithi yokubamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki
UMill wayengaqondi inkululeko nje ngokuthi "ukungavinjelwa," kodwa futhi njengekhono lesakhamuzi lokusebenzisa leyo nkululeko ngokuzibophezela. Wayekholelwa ukuthi imfundo idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izakhamuzi ezinengqondo nezigxekayo ezikwazi ukuhlanganyela kwezepolitiki. Inkululeko yezepolitiki enempilo idinga umphakathi ojwayele ukucabanga, ukuxoxa, nokuhlola izinqubomgomo ngokuphikisana.
Kweminye yemibhalo yakhe, uMill uphinde wagcizelela ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki okubanzi kwakudingeka kulinganiswe nekhwalithi ethuthukisiwe yokuxoxisana. Wayesaba ukuthi intando yeningi esekelwe kuphela ekuvoteni ngaphandle kwemfundo yomphakathi ingalawulwa kalula yinkulumo-ze noma izintshisekelo zesikhashana. Ngakho-ke, kuMill, inkululeko yezepolitiki kwakungeyona nje indaba yezinqubo zokhetho, kodwa futhi nekhono lezakhamuzi lokuhlola izindaba ngokucabangela.
Imingcele yenkululeko ngokusho kukaMill
Nakuba aziwa njengomlweli wenkululeko, uMill akazange akhuthaze inkululeko ephelele. Imingcele ingathethelelwa uma izenzo zomuntu zisongela abanye ngempela. Isibonelo, inkululeko yokukhuluma ingavinjelwa uma iba yimbangela eqondile yobudlova bangempela nobuseduze. Ngokufanayo, inkululeko yenkontileka noma yebhizinisi akumelwe ivumele ukukhwabanisa, ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile, noma imikhuba ephula amalungelo ayisisekelo abanye.
Kodwa-ke, uMill waqhubeka nokwenqaba imingcele esekelwe esizathu "sokwenza abantu babe ngcono" ngenkani. Ngokombono wakhe, ubuhle obuzalwa ngokuphoqelelwa akubona ubuhle bangempela; bumane buwukulalela ngaphandle kokuzimela. Inkululeko iyisimo sokukhula kokuziphatha, hhayi isithiyo kuyo.
Ukubaluleka kokucabanga kukaMill namuhla
Umqondo kaMill wenkululeko yezepolitiki usabalulekile ezingxoxweni zanamuhla: mayelana nenkululeko yokukhuluma esikhathini semidiya yezenhlalo, imingcele yokuhlekisa kanye nenkulumo enenzondo, inqubomgomo yezempilo yomphakathi, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kokuziphatha kweningi kanye namalungelo abantu abambalwa. Emazweni amaningi entando yeningi, inselelo eyinhloko yenkululeko ngokuvamile akuyona ukuvinjelwa okusemthethweni, kodwa kunalokho ukwahlukana, ingcindezi yomphakathi, kanye "nenkantolo yombono womphakathi" ekhawulela isikhala sengxoxo.
UMill wasikhumbuza ukuthi intando yeningi evuthiwe akuyona into efanayo, kodwa evumela ukungezwani. Inkululeko yezepolitiki ayivikeli nje kuphela abantu kuhulumeni, kodwa futhi ivikela ekubusweni umphakathi—esifisweni seningi sokwenza wonke umuntu alingane.
Isiphetho
Umqondo kaJohn Stuart Mill wenkululeko yezepolitiki ugxile ekuvikelweni komuntu ngamunye, ikakhulukazi ngesimiso sokulimaza, esikhawulela ukufaneleka kokungenelela kombuso nomphakathi. UMill ugcizelele inkululeko yokucabanga, inkululeko yokukhuluma, kanye nenkululeko yokuphishekela "izivivinyo zokuphila" njengezidingo zentuthuko yabantu kanye nekhwalithi yentando yeningi. Uphinde waxwayisa ngokuthi izinsongo enkululekweni aziveli nje kuphela kohulumeni abacindezelayo kodwa futhi nasekucindezelweni kweningi kanye nezindinganiso zomphakathi ezifuna ukufana. Ngakho-ke, ukucabanga kukaMill kufundisa ukuthi inkululeko yezepolitiki yangempela yileyo evumela abantu ukuba bathuthuke njengabantu ngabanye—ngenkathi begcina umthwalo wemfanelo wokugwema ukulimaza abanye.
