Umbono KaKarl Popper We-Epistemological
UKarl Raimund Popper (1902–1994) wayengumfilosofi wase-Austria owayenethonya elikhulu emikhakheni ye-epistemology kanye nefilosofi yesayensi. Waziwa kakhulu ngokugxeka kwakhe okubukhali i-logical positivism kanye nesiphakamiso sakhe se-falsificationism njengendlela yokuhlukanisa phakathi kwesayensi kanye nengeyona isayensi. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola imibono kaPopper ye-epistemological ngokujulile, kusukela ngemuva kwemibono yakhe kuya emiphumeleni yemibono yakhe emikhakheni eyahlukene.
Isizinda kanye Nomongo Womlando
UKarl Popper wazalelwa eVienna ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, isikhathi lapho izikole ezintsha zefilosofi ezifana ne-logical positivism kanye ne-Vienna Circle zazisezingeni eliphezulu lethonya lazo. I-Vienna Circle yayinombono wokuthi isayensi kufanele isekelwe ekuqinisekisweni okubonakalayo kanye ne-logical esemthethweni. UPopper, ehlanganisa intshisekelo kwifilosofi kanye nesizinda se-physics kanye ne-psychology, waqala ukungabaza isisekelo esiyisisekelo se-logical positivism.
Njengomcabangi osemusha, uPopper wathonywa yintuthuko ku-quantum theory kanye nokuhlobana kwezinto, okwaveza izindlela ezintsha zesayensi futhi kwanikeza izibonelo zamacala lapho imibono eyamukelwe ngaphambilini kwadingeka ibukezwe noma ilahlwe. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kwavuselela ukugxekwa kukaPopper ngombono we-positivist wokuqinisekiswa kwesayensi.
Ukugxekwa Kokuqinisekiswa
Umqondo wokuqinisekiswa, umqondo wokuthi ulwazi lwesayensi kumele luqinisekiswe ngokubuka njalo nokuhlola, wawungomunye wemibono kaPopper eyinhloko. Ngokusho kukaPopper, ukuqinisekiswa kuyinkinga enkulu ngoba akunikezi izindlela ezanele zokuhlukanisa phakathi kwesayensi nesayensi-mbumbulu noma izinganekwane. Isibonelo, imibono yengqondo efana ne-Freudianism kanye ne-Marxism ivame "ukuqinisekiswa" ngemininingwane yobufakazi, kodwa uPopper wayebheka kakhulu njengezinhlelo zokukholelwa kunemibono yesayensi.
UPopper uphakamise ukuthi isayensi akufanele ifune ukuqinisekisa imibono, kodwa kunalokho kufanele igxile ekuqambeni amanga. Ngokombono kaPopper, ithiyori ingabhekwa njengeyesayensi kuphela uma ingahlolwa futhi ingase iphikiswe. Ngamanye amazwi, ithiyori engenakuphikiswa (engaphikiswa) ayiyona eyesayensi.
Ukuqamba amanga
Lo mqondo wokuqamba amanga uyisisekelo se-epistemology kaPopper futhi waziwa ngokuthi ukuqamba amanga. Ngokusho kwakhe, inqubo yentuthuko yesayensi inokuthula futhi inamandla, lapho kuvela khona imibono emisha futhi ihlolwe ngokuhlolwa. Imibono ehluleka ukumelana nokuhlolwa okubonakalayo kumele yenqatshwe noma ibukezwe.
Ukuqamba amanga kuhluke kakhulu ekuqinisekiseni. Ohlelweni lokuqinisekisa, ithiyori ibhekwa njengeqinile kakhulu uma ubufakazi buyisekela kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ekuqambeni amanga, ithiyori ayibhekwa njengeyiqiniso ngokuphelele, kodwa kunalokho ibhekwa "njengengaqinisekisiwe." Ngakho-ke, imibono yesayensi ihlala yesikhashana futhi kumele ihlolwe ngokujulile njalo.
Umthelela wokuqamba amanga usakazeke kuzo zonke izigaba ezahlukene. Isibonelo, ku-physics, ukuthuthukiswa kombono wokuhlobana kanye ne-quantum mechanics kungabonakala njengokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokuqamba amanga ukuze kuthathelwe indawo noma kubuyekezwe imibono emidala ngokusekelwe kudatha entsha ye-empirical engavumelani nezibikezelo zayo.
Ithiyori Yolwazi Njengenqubo Yokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Esinye sezimbangela ezishintsha kakhulu zokuqamba amanga ukuthi ulwazi lwabantu lubhekwa njengenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. UPopper waphikisana ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi kufana nenqubo yokukhethwa kwemvelo ezintweni eziphilayo. Kuzo zombili izimo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene (zemibono noma izinto eziphilayo) ezivivinywa yindawo ezikuyo. Ngokomongo wesayensi, imibono emelana nokuhlolwa okubonakalayo ibhekwa 'njengabasindile' kuze kube yilapho ubufakazi obusha buyiphikisa.
UPopper wathola ugqozi kuDarwinism endleleni yakhe yokuthuthukisa isayensi. Waphikisana ngokuthi akudingeki sifune "iqiniso eliphelele," kodwa kunalokho siqhubeke silungisa imibono yethu ukuze siqonde kangcono umhlaba. Wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokugxeka okwakhayo kanye nengxoxo yesayensi, lapho yonke imibono kufanele ihlale ishiya isikhala sokubuyekezwa noma ukushintshwa ngenye engcono.
Ithonya kwiFilosofi Yesayensi Nomphakathi
Imibono kaPopper ye-epistemological ibe nethonya elikhulu endleleni esibheka ngayo isayensi kanye nendlela yesayensi. Ngokugcizelela ukubaluleka kwezindlela zokugxeka kanye nezokukhohlisa ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi, uPopper wachaza kabusha lokho esikubheka 'njengolwazi lwesayensi'.
Ngaphezu kwethonya layo kwezesayensi yemvelo, izimiso zikaPopper zokuqamba amanga ziyasebenza nakwezesayensi yezenhlalo, kwezomnotho, ngisho nakwefilosofi yezepolitiki. Kwezesayensi yezenhlalo, isibonelo, imibono kumele ihlolwe ngemininingwane yobufakazi futhi yenqatshwe uma ingahambisani nobufakazi obutholakalayo. Lokhu kunemiphumela ebalulekile endleleni yocwaningo kule mikhakha.
Ngokubanzi, imibono kaPopper yokukhohlisa inemiphumela emasikweni abucayi emphakathini. Ugcizelele ukuthi inkululeko yengqondo kanye nelungelo lokuveza ukugxekwa kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kolwazi. Ngakho-ke, ingqikithi kaPopper iphinde ifune umphakathi ovulekile nowentando yeningi, lapho impikiswano yengqondo kanye nengxoxo kukhuthazwa njengamathuluzi entuthuko.
Isiphetho
UKarl Popper waba negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu ulwazi lwesayensi kanye nendlela ngokusebenzisa umqondo wakhe wokuqamba amanga. Ngokwenqaba ukuqinisekiswa nokugcizelela ukuqamba amanga, uPopper wanikeza uhlaka olusha lososayensi lokusondela ezinkondlweni nasezingqondweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono yakhe ayigcini nje ngesayensi kodwa futhi inemiphumela ebanzi kwezesayensi yezenhlalo ngisho nakwefilosofi yezepolitiki, okugcizelela ukubaluleka kokugxekwa okwakhayo kanye nokuvuleleka kwengqondo. Umbono kaPopper usimema ukuba sibheke isayensi njengenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kolwazi evivinywa njalo futhi ivuselelwa.
Lesi sihloko siphinde sigcizelele ukubaluleka kokuqonda i-epistemology kaPopper, engabalulekile kososayensi kuphela kodwa nakulabo abafuna indlela ebucayi neguquguqukayo yolwazi empilweni yansuku zonke.
